Cellulose acylate film, polarizing plate and liquid crystal display device

ABSTRACT

A cellulose acylate film, which has a film thickness of from 20 to 70 μm and an elastic modulus of from 3.5 to 10 GPa in at least one direction of a film casting direction and a width direction.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/727,921,filed Mar. 29, 2007, the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference, which in turn claims priority to Japanese Application No.2006-100169, filed Mar. 31, 2006.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a cellulose acylate film, a polarizingplate using the same, and a liquid crystal display device.

2. Description of the Related Art

Liquid crystal display devices have found wide range of uses formonitors of personal computers or portable devices, and television setsfrom various advantages of low voltage/low consumption power,capabilities of the reduction of size/the reduction of the filmthickness, and the like. For such liquid crystal display devices,various modes have been proposed according to the orientation states ofliquid crystal molecules in each liquid crystal cell. However,conventionally, the TN mode in which liquid crystal molecules areoriented to be twisted at about 90° from the lower substrate toward theupper substrate of a liquid crystal cell has been the main stream.

Generally, a liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystalcell, an optical compensation sheet, and a polarizing film. The opticalcompensation sheet is used in order to eliminate image coloration orenlarge the viewing angle. A stretched birefringent film or a filmobtained by coating a liquid crystal on a transparent film is used. Forexample, Japanese Patent No. 2587398 discloses the following technology:a discotic liquid crystal compound is coated on a triacetyl cellulosefilm, and oriented and fixed, resulting in an optical compensationsheet, and the optical compensation sheet is applied to a TN mode liquidcrystal cell, thereby to enlarge the viewing angle. However, a stringentrequirement is imposed on the viewing angle dependency of a liquidcrystal display device for use in a television set which is supposed tobe seen through the large screen at various angles. Thus, even with theforegoing technique, the requirement cannot be satisfied. For thisreason, a study has been conducted on the liquid crystal display devicesof the IPS (In-Plane Switching) mode, the OCB (Optically CompensatoryBend) mode, the VA (Vertically Aligned) mode, and other modes than theTN mode. Particularly, the VA mode has received attention as for use ina liquid crystal display device for a television set because of its highcontrast, and a relatively high manufacturing yield.

Incidentally, the cellulose acylate film has a feature of higher opticalisotropy (low retardation value) as compared with other polymer films.Therefore, for the purpose requiring the optical isotropy, for example,for the components of a polarizing plate, a cellulose acylate film iscommonly used.

On the other hand, the optical compensation sheet (phase film) of aliquid crystal display device is, conversely, required to have theoptical anisotropy (high retardation value). Particularly, the opticalcompensation sheet for the VA mode is required to have a in-planeretardation (Re) of 30 to 200 nm, and a retardation in athickness-direction of 70 to 400 nm. Therefore, commonly used opticalcompensation sheets have been synthetic polymer films having a highretardation value such as a polycarbonate film and a polysulfone film.

As described above, in the technical field of optical materials, therehas been the following general principle: when a polymer film isrequired to have an optical anisotropy (high retardation value), asynthetic polymer film is used; whereas, when the film is required tohave an optical isotropy (low retardation value), a cellulose acylatefilm is used.

EP 0911656A2 proposes a cellulose acetate film having a high retardationvalue which can be also used for the purpose requiring the opticalanisotropy, which disproves the conventional general principle. In thisproposal, in order to achieve a high retardation value with cellulosetriacetate, an aromatic compound having at least two aromatic rings isadded, and a stretching treatment is carried out. It is generally knownthat cellulose triacetate is a polymer material which is difficult tostretch, and is difficult to increase in birefringent index. However,simultaneous orientation of an additive with a stretching treatmentenables the increase in birefringent index. Thus, a high retardationvalue is implemented. This film can also serve as a protective film of apolarizing plate, and hence has an advantage in capability of providinga low-cost and thin liquid crystal display device.

JP-A-2002-71957 discloses an optical film containing a cellulose esterwhich has an acyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms as a substituent, andin which the expressions 2.0≦A+B≦3.0 and A<2.4, where A represents thesubstitution degree of an acetyl group, and B represents thesubstitution degree of a propionyl group or a butyryl group, aresimultaneously satisfied, characterized in that 0.0005≦Nx−Ny≦0.0050 isfurther satisfied, where Nx represents the refractive index in thedirection of the slow axis, and Ny represents the refractive index inthe direction of the fast axis, at a wavelength of 590 nm.

JP-A-2004-277581 discloses a cellulose ester film containing a celluloseester resin of which the degree of substitution of a hydroxyl groupsimultaneously satisfies the following expressions (1) and (2), andcontaining an ultraviolet absorbing polymer including and derived froman ultraviolet absorbing monomer of a specific structure in an amount of1 to 20 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the cellulose esterresin, and characterized by being stretched so that the retardationvalue in the in-plane direction R0 is 20 to 100 nm, and the retardationvalue in the thickness direction Rt is 70 to 300 nm:

2.4≦A+B≦2.8  Expression (1)

1.4≦A≦2.0  Expression (2)

[where in the formula, A represents the substitution degree of an acetylgroup; and B, the substitution degree of an acyl group having 3 or 4carbon atoms.]

JP-A-2003-270442 discloses a polarizing plate for use in a VA modeliquid crystal display device, the polarizing plate having a polarizingfilm, and an optically biaxial mixed fatty acid cellulose ester film,characterized in that the optically biaxial mixed fatty acid celluloseester film is disposed between the liquid crystal cell and thepolarizing film

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

As with the methods disclosed in the foregoing documents, use of acellulose acylate film is effective in that a low-cost and thin liquidcrystal display device can be obtained. However, with a decrease inthickness of the cellulose acylate film, sagging, wrinkles, and bendingof the film become more likely to occur. This results in the occurrenceof a problem of difficult handling. This problem becomes remarkableparticularly upon processing into a polarizing plate, or upon bondingwith a liquid crystal display device.

It is an object of the invention to provide a cellulose acylate filmwhich is excellent in developability of the in-plane andthickness-direction retardation, is thin, and is easy to handle formanufacturing and processing. It is a second object of the invention toprovide a liquid crystal display device which less shows changes inviewing angle characteristics, and a polarizing plate for use in theliquid crystal display device, using the cellulose acylate film.

The present inventors conducted a close study. As a result, they foundthe following. By controlling the elastic modulus of the celluloseacylate film within a specific range, i.e., to be a higher elasticmodulus than that of a conventionally used film, it is possible toresolve the foregoing problems resulting from the reduction in filmthickness, and it is possible to provide a cellulose acylate film whichis easy to handle for manufacturing and processing. Simultaneously, theyfound a method for manufacturing such a thin and high elastic moduluscellulose acylate film while resolving the foregoing problems, andfurther, without causing rupture or haze.

As for the elastic modulus of the cellulose acylate film,conventionally, the ones of about 2 to 3.5 GPa have been widely used.However, the present inventors found the following fact. By setting theelastic modulus at 3.5 GPa or more, sagging, wrinkles, and bending uponbonding to a liquid crystal display device do not occur. On the otherhand, when the elastic modulus exceeds 10 GPa, chips may occur uponpunching of slits in the film or a polarizing plate. Namely, by settingthe elastic modulus at 3.5 to 10 GPa, it is possible to achieve theobjects of the invention. The elastic modulus is preferably 4 to 7 GPa,and most preferably 4 to 6 GPa.

Incidentally, the term “elastic modulus” in this specification is thevalue measured in the following manner. A sample is moisture controlledunder an environment of 25° C. 60% RH for 24 hours, and measured for itselastic modulus according to the method described in JIS K7127. Thetensile tester used was Tensilon manufactured by A & D Co., Ltd.

Whereas, the thickness of the cellulose acylate film is preferablysmaller for implementing a low-cost and thin liquid crystal displaydevice. However, when it is too small, handling becomes difficult due toproblems such as wrinkles upon bonding even if the elastic modulus isproperly controlled as described above. Thus, it has been shown thatsetting of the film thickness at 20 to 70 μm prevents such problems fromoccurring. Therefore, setting of the film thickness at 20 to 70 μm canachieve the objects of the invention. The film thickness is preferably30 to 60 and most preferably 30 to 50

Further, the present inventors made a close study on a method formanufacturing a stretched film, and as a result, they found thefollowing fact. It is possible to achieve the objects of the inventionby stretching the film to 1.2 to 4.0 times and 1.05 to 3.8 times inbiaxial directions orthogonal to each other, respectively. With such abiaxial stretching method, when the stretching ratio is set too high,rupture during stretching may occur. By setting the stretching ratiowithin the specific range, it is possible to implement the foregoingthin and high elastic modulus cellulose acylate film.

Whereas, the present inventors further pursued the study, and found thefollowing fact. Use of cellulose acylate having a substituent by apropionyl group, a butyryl group, or a benzoyl group is more preferablefor preventing the rupture as described above.

Further, when the stretching ratio becomes high for the formation of theforegoing thin film, the haze of the film tends to increase in therelated art. An increase in haze reduces the resolution or the contrastof an image when the film is used for a liquid crystal display device.Therefore, minimum haze is desired.

Under such circumstances, the present inventors also focused attentionon, and conducted a study on the temperature during stretching and thestretching velocity. As a result, they found the following fact. Biaxialstretching is carried out at a temperature of equal to or more than theglass transition temperature +25° C., and to be equal to or less thanthe crystallization temperature of the cellulose acylate film.Alternatively, biaxial stretching is carried out at a stretchingvelocity of 10%/min or less. As a result, it is possible to make thehaze small even for a thin film manufactured with high ratio stretching.

Particularly, it can be said that the haze value of the celluloseacylate film is preferably smaller. However, the haze value ispreferably 1% or less, and further preferably 0.7% or less.Incidentally, the haze value is the value obtained from the measurementby means of a haze meter MODEL 1001DP (manufactured by NIPPON DENSHOKUCo., Ltd.).

The expression “stretching ratio” in this specification will beadditionally described. The wording “2.0-time stretching” represents thestretching such that the film is stretched to two times the length ofthe unstretched film. The wording is equal to the wording “100%stretching”. Whereas, the term “10%/min” in terms of the stretchingvelocity is in equal relation to the expression “0.1 time/min”.Specifically, the term “10%/min” represents the stretching velocity suchthat the film is stretched by a length of 0.1 time the length of theunstretched film per minute.

The invention has been completed based on the facts found by the presentinventors. Specifically, the invention includes the followingconstitutions:

(1) A cellulose acylate film, which has a film thickness of from 20 to70 μm and an elastic modulus of from 3.5 to 10 GPa in at least onedirection of a film casting direction and a width direction.

(2) The cellulose acylate film as described in (1) above, which has anin-plane retardation Re within a range of from 20 to 80 nm and aretardation in a thickness-direction Rth within a range of from 100 to250 nm.

(3) The cellulose acylate film as described in (1) or (2) above, whichhas a haze of 1% or less.

(4) The cellulose acylate film as described in any of (1) to (3) above,which substantially comprises a cellulose acylate satisfying expressions(I) and (II):

2.6≦A+B≦3.0; and  Expression (I):

0<B  Expression (II):

wherein A represents a substitution degree of a hydroxyl group in aglucose unit of the cellulose acylate by an acetyl group; and

B represents a substitution degree of a hydroxyl group in a glucose unitof the cellulose acylate by a propionyl group, a butyryl group or abenzoyl group.

(5) A method for producing a cellulose acylate film, the methodcomprising: subjecting a film to a stretching treatment,

wherein the stretching treatment is carried out with a stretching ratioin a film casting direction within a range of from 1.2 to 4.0 and astretching ratio in a width direction within a range of from 1.05 to3.8, in which the film casting direction and the width direction areorthogonal to each other, and with a stretching treatment temperature ofequal to or more than a glass transition temperature of the film +25° C.and equal to or less than a crystallization temperature of the film, and

wherein a thickness of the film after being subjected to the stretchingtreatment is from 20 to 70

(6) A method for producing a cellulose acylate film, the methodcomprising: subjecting a film to a stretching treatment,

wherein the stretching treatment is carried out with a stretching ratioin a film casting direction within a range of from 1.2 to 4.0 and astretching ratio in a width direction within a range of from 1.05 to3.8, in which the film casting direction and the width direction areorthogonal to each other, and with a stretching velocity of 10%/minuteor less in at least one direction of the film casting direction and thewidth direction, and

wherein a thickness of the film after being subjected to the stretchingtreatment is from 20 to 70 μm.

(7) The cellulose acylate film as described in any of (1) to (4) above,which is obtained by a method as described in (5) or (6) above.

(8) A polarizing plate, which comprises:

a pair of protective films; and

a polarizing film between the pair of protective films,

wherein at least one of the pair of protective films is a celluloseacylate film as described in any of (1) to (4) and (7) above.

(9) A liquid crystal display device, which comprises a cellulose acylatefilm as described in any of (1) to (4) and (7) above or a polarizingplate as described in (8) above.

(10) An OCB or VA mode liquid crystal display device, which comprises:

a pair of polarizing plates; and

a liquid crystal cell between the pair of polarizing plates,

wherein at least one of the pair of polarizing plates is a polarizingplate as described in (8) above.

(11) A VA mode liquid crystal display device, which comprises:

a pair of polarizing plates; and

a liquid crystal cell between the pair of polarizing plates,

wherein the pair of polarizing plates comprises a polarizing plate asdescribed in (8) above on a backlight side.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view for illustrating a liquid crystaldisplay device manufactured in an exemplary example,

Wherein 30 and 32 denote polarizing plates; 31 denotes liquid crystalcell; 34 and 37 denote polarizing films; 33 and 35 denote protectivefilms; 36 denotes cellulose acylate film; and 38 denotes commerciallyavailable cellulose acylate film.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Below, the present invention will be described in more details.

The cellulose acylate film of the invention is characterized in that thefilm thickness falls within a specific range, and that the elasticmodulus in at least one direction of the film casting direction andwidth direction falls within a specific range. “The casting direction”is a direction approximately parallel to a film transport directionduring the production of the film. “The width direction” is a directionapproximately orthogonal to the casting direction.

Below, the raw materials for the cellulose acylate film of theinvention, a manufacturing method thereof, and the film itself will bedescribed in details in this order.

<Raw Materials for Cellulose Acylate Film> [Cellulose Acylate]

First, cellulose acylate for use in the invention will be described indetails. In the invention, different two or more cellulose acylates maybe mixed and used.

As the cellulose acylate, there can be preferably used cellulose acylatesatisfying the expressions (I) and (II):

2.6≦A+B≦3.0; and  Expression (I):

0<B  Expression (II):

where A represents the substitution degree by an acetyl group of ahydroxyl group in a glucose unit of cellulose acylate, and B representsthe substitution degree by a propionyl group, a butyryl group, or abenzoyl group.

The β-1,4 bonded glucose units forming cellulose each have free hydroxylgroups at 2, 3, and 6 positions. Cellulose acylate is a polymer obtainedby partially or fully esterifying these hydroxyl groups with acylgroups. The acyl substitution degree represents the proportion ofesterification of cellulose (100% esterification corresponds to asubstitution degree of 1 at each position) for each of the 2, 3, and 6positions. The acyl substitution degree can be measured according toASTM-D817-96.

In the invention, the total sum (A+B) of the substitution degrees A andB of hydroxyl groups is preferably 2.6 to 3.0 as shown in the expression(I). Whereas, the substitution degree of B is preferably more than 0,more preferably 0.5 or more and 1.2 or less, and further preferably 0.6or more and 0.8 or less as shown in the expression (II).

When A+B is less than 2.6, the hydrophilicity becomes too strong, andthereby the compound becomes more likely to be affected by theenvironmental humidity. Therefore, A+B preferably falls within theforegoing range. Whereas, when B is more than 0, i.e., by usingcellulose acylate having a substituent by a propionyl group, a butyrylgroup, or a benzoyl group, as described above, the rupture of the filmcan be prevented. This case is preferable. Cellulose acylate may haveone or more substituents in the substitution degree B, i.e., a propionylgroup, a butyryl group, or a benzoyl group.

{Synthesis Method of Cellulose Acylate}

The basic principal of the synthesis method of cellulose acylate isdescribed in MOKUZAI KAGAKU, by MIGITA et al., p.p., 180 to 190,(Kyoritsu Publishing Co., 1968). The typical synthesis method is aliquid phase acetylation process with carboxylic acid anhydride—aceticacid—sulfuric acid catalyst.

In order to obtain the cellulose acylate, specifically, the followingprocedure is carried out. A cellulose raw material such as cotton linteror wood pulp is pretreated with a proper amount of acetic acid, and thencharged into a previously cooled carboxylated mixed solution foresterification. Thus, perfect cellulose acylate (the total sum of acylsubstitution degrees at the 2, 3, and 6 positions, almost 3.00) issynthesized. The carboxylated mixed solution generally contains aceticacid as a solvent, carboxylic acid anhydride (e.g., acetic acidanhydride and propionic acid anhydride, or butyric acid anhydride) as anesterifying agent, and sulfuric acid as a catalyst. Carboxylic acidanhydride is commonly used in a stoichiometrically excessive amountbased on the total amount of cellulose to react therewith, and themoisture present in the system. After the completion of theesterification reaction, an aqueous solution of neutralizing agent(e.g., carbonate, acetate, or oxide of calcium, magnesium, iron,aluminum, or zinc) is added in order to hydrolyze an excess ofcarboxylic acid anhydride and neutralize a part of the esterifyingcatalyst remaining in the system. Then, the resulting perfect celluloseacylate is held at 50 to 90° C. in the presence of a small amount of anacetylation reaction catalyst (generally, remaining sulfuric acid) forsaponification and aging. Thus, the compound is changed to celluloseacylate having desirable acyl substitution degree and polymerizationdegree. At the instant when the desirable cellulose acylate is obtained,the catalyst remaining in the system is fully neutralized using thecatalyst as described above, or without neutralization, a celluloseacylate solution is charged in water or dilute sulfuric acid(alternatively, water or dilute sulfuric acid is charted into acellulose acylate solution). As a result, cellulose acylate isseparated, washed, and subjected to a stabilizing treatment, or othertreatments. Thus, the specific cellulose acylate can be obtained.

For the cellulose acylate film, the polymer components forming the filmpreferably substantially include the cellulose acylate satisfying theexpressions (I) and (II). The term “substantially” means 55 mass % ormore (preferably 70 mass % or more, and further preferably 80 mass % ormore) of the polymer components. (In this specification, mass ratio isequal to weight ratio.)

The cellulose acylate is also preferably used in the form of particles.90 mass % or more of the particles used preferably have a particlediameter of 0.5 to 5 mm. Further, 50 mass % or more of the particlesused preferably have a particle diameter of 1 to 4 mm. The celluloseacylate particles each preferably are as spherical as possible.

The polymerization degree of cellulose acylate to be preferably used inthe invention is, in terms of viscosity average polymerization degree,preferably 200 to 700, more preferably 250 to 550, further preferably250 to 400, and in particular preferably 250 to 350. The averagepolymerization degree can be measured with the limiting viscosity methodby Uda et al., (Uda Kazuo, and Saito Hideo, SENNI GAKKAISHI, vol. 18,No. 1, pages 105 to 120, 1962). It is further described in details inJP-A-9-95538.

When low molecular weight components are removed, the average molecularweight (polymerization degree) increases, but the viscosity becomeslower than that of general cellulose acylate. For this reason, as thecellulose acylate, the one from which the low molecular weightcomponents have been removed is useful. Cellulose acylate low in contentof low molecular weight components can be obtained by removing the lowmolecular weight components from cellulose acylate synthesized with ageneral method. Removal of the low molecular weight components can becarried out by washing cellulose acylate with a proper organic solvent.Incidentally, when cellulose acylate low in content of low molecularweight components is produced, the amount of sulfuric acid catalyst inthe acetylation reaction is preferably adjusted to 0.5 to 25 parts bymass per 100 parts by mass of cellulose acylate. When the amount of thesulfuric acid catalyst is set within the range, it is possible tosynthesize cellulose acylate preferable also in terms of molecularweight distribution (uniform in molecular weight distribution). For usein the production of cellulose acylate, the moisture content ispreferably 2 mass % or less, further preferably 1 mass % or less, and inparticular 0.7 mass % or less. It is generally known that celluloseacylate contains water, and has a moisture content of 2.5 to 5 mass %.In the invention, in order to achieve the moisture content of celluloseacylate, drying is necessary. The method thereof has no particularrestriction so long as it provides an objective moisture content.

As the raw material cotton and the synthesis method of the celluloseacylate, there can be adopted the raw material cotton and the synthesismethod described in details on p. 7 to 12 in Journal of TechnicalDisclosure (KOUKAI GIHOU) from Japan Institute of Invention andInnovation, Technical Disclosure No. 2001-1745, (published on Mar., 15,2001, Institute of Invention and Innovation).

The cellulose acylate film of the invention can be obtained by using asolution prepared by dissolving the specific cellulose acylate, and ifrequired, additives in an organic solvent, for film formation.

{Additives}

In the invention, examples of the additives usable for the celluloseacylate solution may include a plasticizer, an ultraviolet absorber, adeterioration inhibitor, a retardation (optical anisotropy) developer,fine particles, a release accelerator, and an infrared absorber. In theinvention, a retardation developer may be used. Further, at least one ormore of a plasticizer, an ultraviolet absorber, and a releaseaccelerator is also preferably used.

They may be each either a solid or an oily substance. Namely, it has noparticular restriction on the melting point or the boiling point. Forexample, ultraviolet absorbers of 20° C. or less and 20° C. or more maybe mixed to be used. Similarly, a plasticizer may be mixed therein to beused. For example, they are described in JP-A-2001-151901, or the like.

As the ultraviolet absorber, a given type one can be selected accordingto the intended purpose. A salicylic acid ester type, benzophenone type,benzotriazole type, benzoate type, cyano acrylate type, nickel complexsalt type, or other type absorber may be used. Preferred arebenzophenone type, benzotriazole type, and salicylic acid ester type.

Examples of the benzophenone type ultraviolet absorber may include2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-acetoxybenzophenone,2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2,2′-di-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone,2,2′-di-hydroxy-4,4′-methoxybenzophenone,2-hydroxy-4-n-oxtoxybenzopheone, 2-hydroxy-4-dodecyloxybenzophenone, and2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxy)propoxy benzophenone.

As the benzotriazole type ultraviolet absorber, mention may be made of2(2′-hydroxy-3′-tert-butyl-5′-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole,2(2′-hydroxy-5′-tert-butylphenyl)benzotriazole,2(2′-hydroxy-3′5′-di-tert-amylphenyl)benzotriazole,2(2′-hydroxy-3′5′-di-tert-butylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole,2(2′-hydroxy-5′-tert-octylphenyl)benzotriazole, or the like.

As salicylic acid ester type, mention may be made of phenyl salicylate,p-octylphenyl salicylate, p-tert-butylphenyl salicylate, or the like.Out of these exemplified ultraviolet absorbers, particularly,2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone,2,2′-di-hydroxy-4,4′-methoxybenzophenone,2(2′-hydroxy-3′-tert-butyl-5′-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole,2(2′-hydroxy-5′-tert-butylphenyl)benzotriazole,2(2′-hydroxy-3′5′-di-tert-amylphenyl)benzotriazole, and2(2′-hydroxy-3′5′-di-tert-butylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole are inparticular preferred.

As for the ultraviolet absorbers, a plurality of absorbers havingdifferent absorption wavelengths are preferably used in a compositemanner because they can provide a high cutting effect within a widewavelength range. Preferably, the ultraviolet absorbers for liquidcrystal are excellent in absorbing power for an ultraviolet ray with awavelength of 370 nm or less from the viewpoint of preventing thedegradation of the liquid crystal, and less absorb visible light with awavelength of 400 nm or more from the viewpoint of the liquid crystaldisplay performance. Particularly preferred ultraviolet absorbers arethe previously mentioned benzotriazole type compounds, benzophenone typecompounds, and salicylic acid ester type compounds. Out of these, thebenzotriazole type compounds are preferred because they cause lessunnecessary coloration of cellulose esters.

Further, for the ultraviolet absorbers, there can also be used thecompounds described in respective publications of JP-A-60-235852,JP-A-3-199201, JP-A-5-1907073, JP-A-5-194789, JP-A-5-271471,JP-A-6-107854, JP-A-6-118233, JP-A-6-148430, JP-A-7-11056, JP-A-7-11055,JP-A-7-11056, JP-A-8-29619, JP-A-8-239509, and JP-A-2000-204173.

The amount of the ultraviolet absorber to be added is preferably 0.001to 5 parts by mass, and more preferably 0.01 to 1 parts by mass per 100parts by mass of cellulose acylate. When the amount is 0.001 parts bymass or more, the addition effect can be sufficiently exerted. Whereas,when the amount is 5 parts by mass or less, bleed-out of the ultravioletabsorber onto the film surface does not occur. Thus, such an amount ispreferred.

Whereas, the ultraviolet absorber may be added simultaneously withdissolution of cellulose acylate, or may be added to the dope afterdissolution. Particularly, the process in which an ultraviolet absorbersolution is added to a dope immediately before casting by means of astatic mixer is preferable because the process can adjust the spectralabsorption characteristics with ease.

The deterioration inhibitor can prevent the degradation or decompositionof cellulose triacetate or the like. The deterioration inhibitorsinclude compounds such as butylamine, a hindered amine compound(JP-A-8-325537), a guanidine compound (JP-A-5-271471), benzotriazoletype UV absorbers (JP-A-6-235819), and benzophenone type UV absorbers(JP-A-6-118233).

The plasticizer is preferably a phosphoric acid ester, or a carboxylicacid ester. Further, the plasticizer is more preferably selected fromtriphenyl phosphate (TPP), tricresyl phosphate (TCP), cresyl diphenylphosphate, octyl diphenyl phosphate, diphenyl biphenyl phosphate,trioctyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, dimethyl phthalate (DMP),diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dioctyl phthalate(DOP), diphenyl phthalate (DPP), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), triethylo-acetyl citrate (OACTE), tributyl o-acetyl citrate (OACTB), acetyltriethyl citrate, acetyl tributyl citrate, butyl oleate, methyl acetylricinolate, dibutyl sebacate, triacetin, tributyrin, butyl phthalylbutylglycolate, ethyl phthalylethyl glycolate, methyl phthalylethylglycolate, and butyl phthalylbutyl glycolate. Further, the plasticizersare preferably (di)pentaerythritol esters, glycerol esters, anddiglycerol esters.

Examples of the release accelerator may include ethyl esters of citricacid. Still further, the infrared absorbers are described in, forexample, JP-A-2001-194522.

These additives may be added at any timing in the dope productionprocess. However, a step of adding the additives for preparation may beadded to the final preparation step in the dope production process forcarrying out the addition. Still further, the amount of each material tobe added has no particular restriction so long as it allows the functionto be exerted. Whereas, when the cellulose acylate film is in amultilayered structure, the types and the amounts of additives forrespective layers may be different. Although these are described in, forexample, JP-A-2001-151902, these are conventionally known techniques.Preferably, by selecting the types and the amount of the additives, theglass transition point Tg measured by means of a dynamic viscoelasticitymeter (VIBRON: DVA-225 (ITK Co., Ltd., Japan)) is set at 70 to 150° C.More preferably, the glass transition point Tg is 80 to 135° C. Namely,the cellulose acylate film of the invention is preferably set to have aglass transition point Tg within the foregoing ranges in terms of theprocess suitability in processing into a polarizing plate and mountingof a liquid crystal display device.

Further, for the additives, there can be appropriately used the onesdescribed in details on p. 16 and later pages in Journal of TechnicalDisclosure (KOUKAI GIHOU) from Japan Institute of Invention andInnovation, Technical Disclosure No. 2001-1745, (published on Mar., 15,2001, Institute of Invention and Innovation).

These additives can be added in such an amount as not to impair thedesirable effects of the invention.

{Retardation Developer}

In the invention, a retardation developer may be used in order for apreferred retardation value to be revealed.

As the retardation developer usable in the invention, mention may bemade of the one including a rod-like or discotic compound.

As the rod-like or discotic compound, a compound having at least twoaromatic rings can be used.

The amount of the retardation developer including a rod-like compound tobe added is preferably 0.1 to 30 parts by mass, and further preferably0.5 to 20 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of a polymer componentcontaining cellulose acylate.

The discotic retardation developer is preferably used in the range of0.05 to 20 parts by mass, more preferably used in the range of 0.1 to 10parts by mass, further preferably used in the range of 0.2 to 5 parts bymass, and most preferably used in the range of 0.5 to 2 parts by massper 100 parts by mass of the polymer component containing the celluloseacylate.

The discotic compound is superior in Rth revealability to the rod-likecompound, and hence it is preferably used when a particularly large Rthis necessary.

Two or more retardation developers may be used in combination.

The retardation developer including a rod-like or discotic compoundpreferably has a maximum absorption in the wavelength region of 250 to400 nm, and preferably substantially does not have an absorption withinthe visible region.

The discotic compound will be described. As the discotic compound, acompound having at least two aromatic rings can be used.

In this specification, the “aromatic rings” include an aromaticheterocyclic ring in addition to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring.

The aromatic hydrocarbon ring is in particular preferably a 6-memberedring (i.e., a benzene ring).

The aromatic heterocyclic ring is generally an unsaturated heterocyclicring. The aromatic heterocyclic ring is preferably a 5-membered ring, a6-membered ring, or a 7-membered ring, and further preferably a5-membered ring or a 6-membered ring. The aromatic heterocyclic ringgenerally has a largest number of double bonds. The hetero atom ispreferably a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom, and inparticular preferably a nitrogen atom. Examples of the aromaticheterocyclic ring may include a furan ring, a thiophene ring, a pyrrolering, an oxazole ring, an isoxazole ring, a thiazole ring, anisothiazole ring, an imidazole ring, a pyrazole ring, a furazane ring, atriazole ring, a pyran ring, a pyridine ring, a pyridazine ring, apyrimidine ring, a pyrazine ring, and a 1,3,5-triazine ring.

The aromatic ring is preferably a benzene ring, a furan ring, athiophene ring, a pyrrole ring, an oxazole ring, a thiazole ring, animidazole ring, a triazole ring, a pyridine ring, a pyrimidine ring, apyrazine ring, and a 1,3,5-triazine ring. Particularly, a 1,3,5-triazinering is preferably used. Specifically, for example, the compoundsdisclosed in JP-A-2001-166144 are preferably used as discotic compounds.

The number of aromatic rings possessed by the discotic compound ispreferably 2 to 20, more preferably 2 to 12, further preferably 2 to 8,and most preferably 2 to 6.

The connecting relations between two aromatic rings can be classifiedinto: (a) the case where a condensed ring is formed; (b) the case wherethe rings are directly connected to each other through a single bond;and (c) the case where the rings are connected to each other through alinking group (the spiro connection cannot be formed due to aromaticring). The connecting relation may be any of (a) to (c).

Preferred examples of the condensed ring (condensed ring of two or morearomatic rings) of the item (a) may include an indene ring, anaphthalene ring, an azulene ring, a fluorene ring, a phenanthrene ring,an anthracene ring, an acenaphthylene ring, a biphenylene ring, anaphthacene ring, a pyrene ring, an indole ring, an isoindole ring, abenzofuran ring, a benzothiophene ring, an indolizine ring, abenzoxazole ring, a benzothiazole ring, a benzimidazole ring, abenzotriazole ring, a purine ring, an indazole ring, a chromene ring, aquinoline ring, an isoquinoline ring, a quinolizine ring, a quinazolinering, a cinnoline ring, a quinoxaline ring, a phthalazine ring, apteridine ring, a carbazole ring, an acridine ring, a phenantridinering, a xanthene ring, a phenazine ring, a phenothiazine ring, aphenoxathiin ring, a phenoxazine ring, and a thianthrene ring. Anaphthalene ring, an azulene ring, an indole ring, a benzoxazole ring, abenzothiazole ring, a benzimidazole ring, a benzotriazole ring, and aquinoline ring are preferred.

The single bond of the item (b) is preferably a bond between the carbonatoms of two aromatic rings. It is also acceptable that the two aromaticrings are linked through two or more single bonds, and that an aliphaticring or a nonaromatic heterocyclic ring is formed between the twoaromatic rings.

The linking group of the item (c) is preferably linked to the carbonatoms of two aromatic rings. The linking group is preferably an alkylenegroup, an alkenylene group, an alkynylene group, —CO—, —O—, —NH—, or—S—, or a combination thereof. Examples of the linking group made of thecombination will be shown below. Incidentally, the relation between theleft-hand side and the right-hand side of each example of the followinglinking groups may be reversed.

c1: —CO—O— c2: —CO—NH—

c3: -alkylene-O—

c4: —NH—CO—NH— c5: —NH—CO—O— c6: —O—CO—O— c7: —O-alkylene-O— c8:—CO-alkenylene- c9:—CO-alkenylene-NH— c10: —CO-alkenylene-O—

c11: -alkylene-CO—O-alkylene-O—CO-alkylene-

c12: —O-alkylene-CO—O-alkylene-O—CO-alkylene-O— c13:—O—CO-alkylene-CO—O— c14: —NH—CO-alkenylene- c15: —O—CO-alkenylene-

The aromatic ring and the linking group may each have a substituent.

Examples of the substituent may include halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br, I), ahydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, a cyano group, an amino group, a nitrogroup, a sulfo group, a carbamoyl group, a sulfamoyl group, an ureidogroup, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aliphaticacyl group, an aliphatic acyloxy group, an alkoxy group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an alkoxy carbonyl amino group, an alkylthio group, analkyl sulfonyl group, an aliphatic amido group, an aliphatic sulfonamidogroup, an aliphatic substituted amino group, an aliphatic substitutedcarbamoyl group, an aliphatic substituted sulfamoyl group, an aliphaticsubstituted ureido group, and a nonaromatic heterocyclic group.

The number of carbon atoms of an alkyl group is preferably 1 to 8. Achain alkyl group is more preferred than a cyclic alkyl group, and astraight-chain alkyl group is in particular preferred. An alkyl groupmay further have a substituent (e.g., a hydroxy group, a carboxy group,an alkoxy group, an alkyl substituted amino group). Examples of thealkyl group (including a substituted alkyl group) may include a methylgroup, an ethyl group, a n-butyl group, a n-hexyl group, a2-hydroxyethyl group, a 4-carboxybutyl group, a 2-methoxyethyl group,and a 2-diethylaminoethyl group.

The number of carbon atoms of an alkenyl group is preferably 2 to 8. Achain alkenyl group is more preferable than a cyclic alkenyl group, anda straight-chain alkenyl group is in particular preferred. An alkenylgroup may further have a substituent. Examples of an alkenyl group mayinclude a vinyl group, an allyl group and a 1-hexenyl group.

The number of carbon atoms of an alkynyl group is preferably 2 to 8. Achain alkynyl group is more preferable than a cyclic alkynyl group, anda straight-chain alkynyl group is in particular preferred. An alkynylgroup may further have a substituent. Examples of an alkynyl group mayinclude an ethynyl group, a 1-butynyl group, and a 1-hexynyl group.

The number of carbon atoms of an aliphatic acyl group is preferably 1 to10. Examples of the aliphatic acyl group may include an acetyl group, apropanoyl group, and a butanoyl group.

The number of carbon atoms of an aliphatic acyloxy group is preferably 1to 10. Examples of an aliphatic acyloxy group may include an acetoxygroup.

The number of carbon atoms of an alkoxy group is preferably 1 to 8. Analkoxy group may further have a substituent (e.g., an alkoxy group).Examples of an alkoxy group (including a substituted alkoxy group) mayinclude a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a butoxy group, and amethoxyethoxy group.

The number of carbon atoms of an alkoxy carbonyl group is preferably 2to 10. Examples of an alkoxy carbonyl group may include a methoxycarbonyl group and an ethoxy carbonyl group.

The number of carbon atoms of an alkoxy carbonyl amino group ispreferably 2 to 10. Examples of an alkoxy carbonylamino group mayinclude a methoxy carbonyl amino group and an ethoxy carbonyl aminogroup.

The number of carbon atoms of an alkylthio group is preferably 1 to 12.Examples of an alkylthio group may include a methylthio group, anethylthio group, and an octylthio group.

The number of carbon atoms of an alkyl sulfonyl group is preferably 1 to8. Examples of an alkyl sulfonyl group may include a methane sulfonylgroup and an ethane sulfonyl group.

The number of carbon atoms of an aliphatic amido group is preferably 1to 10. Examples of an aliphatic amido group may include an acetamidogroup.

The number of carbon atoms of an aliphatic sulfonamido group ispreferably 1 to 8. Examples of an aliphatic sulfonamido group mayinclude a methane sulfonamido group, a butane sulfonamido group, and an-octane sulfonamido group.

The number of carbon atoms of an aliphatic substituted amino group ispreferably 1 to 10. Examples of an aliphatic substituted amino group mayinclude a dimethylamino group, a diethylamino group, and a 2-carboxyethylamino group.

The number of carbon atoms of an aliphatic substituted carbamoyl groupis preferably 2 to 10. Examples of an aliphatic substituted carbamoylgroup may include a methyl carbamoyl group and a diethyl carbamoylgroup.

The number of carbon atoms of an aliphatic substituted sulfamoyl groupis preferably 1 to 8. Examples of an aliphatic substituted sulfamoylgroup may include a methyl sulfamoyl group and a diethyl sulfamoylgroup.

The number of carbon atoms of an aliphatic substituted ureido group ispreferably 2 to 10. Examples of an aliphatic substituted ureido groupmay include a methylureido group,

Examples of a nonaromatic heterocyclic group may include a piperidinogroup and a morpholino group.

The molecular weight of a retardation developer including a discoticcompound is preferably 300 to 800.

In the invention, other than the discotic compound, a rod-like compoundhaving a linear molecular structure can also be preferably used. Thelinear molecular structure denotes the molecular structure of a rod-likecompound being linear in the thermodynamically most stable structure.The thermodynamically most stable structure can be determined by thecrystal structure analysis or the molecular orbital calculation. Forexample, by the use of molecular orbital calculation software {e.g., WinMOPAC 2000, manufactured by FUJITSU Limited}, the molecular orbitalcalculation is carried out. This can determine the molecular structuresuch that the heat of formation of the compound is minimized. Thewording “the molecular structure being linear” denotes that, in thethermodynamically most stable structure determined from the foregoingcalculation, the angle formed by the main chains in the molecularstructure is 140 degrees or more.

As specific examples of these discotic compounds and rod-like compounds,the compounds mentioned in JP-A-2004-243628 and JP-A-2005-134863 can beused alone, or in combination of a plurality thereof.

The rod-like compounds having a maximum absorption wavelength (λmax) onthe shorter wavelength side of 250 nm in the ultraviolet absorptionspectrum of the solution may be used in combination of two or morethereof.

The rod-like compound can be synthesized with the methods described indocuments. As the documents, mention may be made of Mol. Cryst. Liq.Cryst., vol. 53, page 229, (1979), the same document, vol. 89, page 93(1982), the same document, vol. 145, page 111, (1987), the samedocument, vol. 70, page 43, (1989), J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 113, page1349, (1991), the same document, vol. 118, page 5346, (1996), the samedocument, vol. 92, page 1582, (1970), J. Org. Chem., vol. 40, page 420,(1975), and Tetrahedron, vol. 48, No. 16, page 3437, (1992),

{Mat Agent Fine Particles}

The cellulose acylate film of the invention preferably includes, as anadditive, fine particles added therein as a mat agent. As the fineparticles for use in the invention, mention may be made of those ofsilicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide,calcium carbonate, talc, clay, sintered kaolin, sintered calciumsilicate, hydrated calcium silicate, aluminum silicate, magnesiumsilicate, and calcium phosphate. As the fine particle, the onecontaining silicon is preferred because of its low turbidity, andparticularly silicon dioxide is preferred. The fine particles of silicondioxide preferably have a primary average particle diameter of 20 nm orless, and an apparent specific gravity of 70 g/l or more. The oneshaving an average diameter of primary particles of as small as 5 to 16nm are more preferred because they can reduce the haze of the film. Theapparent specific gravity is preferably 90 to 200 g/l or more, andfurther preferably 100 to 200 g/l or more. The ones with a largerapparent specific gravity is preferred because they can form ahigh-concentration dispersion, resulting in improvements of the haze andthe aggregate.

When the silicon dioxide fine particles are used, they are preferablyused in an amount of 0.01 to 0.3 part by mass per 100 parts by mass ofthe polymer component containing cellulose acylate.

These fine particles generally form secondary particles with an averageparticle diameter of 0.1 to 3.0 μm. These fine particles are present inthe form of aggregates of primary particles in the film, and form 0.1-to 3.0-μm unevenness on the film surface. The secondary average particlediameter is preferably 0.2 μm or more and 1.5 μm or less, furtherpreferably 0.4 μm or more and 1.2 μm or less, and most preferably 0.6 μmor more and 1.1 μm or less. When it is larger than 1.5 μm, the hazebecomes stronger. Whereas, when it is smaller than 0.2 μm, the strainpreventive effect becomes small.

The primary or secondary particle diameter is defined as follows. Theparticles in the film are observed by a scanning type electronmicroscope, and the diameter of the circle circumscribing the particleis taken as the particle diameter. Whereas, in another site, 200particles are observed. The average value thereof is taken as theaverage particle diameter.

As the fine particles of silicon dioxide, there can be used commerciallyavailable products such as AEROSIL R972, R972V, R974, R812, 200, 200V,300, 8202, OX50, and TT600 (all manufactured by NIPPON AEROSIL Co.,Ltd.). The fine particles of zirconium oxide are commercially availableunder the trade names of AEROSIL R976 and R811 (all manufactured byNIPPON AEROSIL Co., Ltd.), and usable.

Out of these, AEROSIL 200V and AEROSIL R972V are fine particles ofsilicon dioxide having a primary average particle diameter of 20 nm orless, and an apparent specific gravity of 70 g/l or more, and these arein particular preferable because these have a large effect of reducingthe coefficient of friction while keeping the turbidity of the opticalfilm.

In the invention, in order to obtain a cellulose acylate film havingparticles with a small secondary average particle diameter, sometechniques are conceivable for preparing dispersions of fine particles.For example, there is the following method: a fine particle dispersionobtained by stirring and mixing a solvent and fine particles ispreviously formed; the fine particle dispersion is added to a smallamount of a cellulose acylate solution separately prepared, anddissolved therein with stirring; and the resulting solution is furthermixed with a main cellulose acylate dope solution. This method is apreferable preparation method in that the dispersibility of silicondioxide fine particles is good, and that silicon dioxide fine particlesare less likely to further aggregate again. Other than this, there isanother method as follows: a small amount of cellulose ester is added toa solvent, and dissolved therein with stirring; then, fine particles areadded thereto, and dispersed therein by means of a dispersing machine,so that the resulting dispersion is a fine particle-added solution;then, the fine particle-added solution is sufficiently mixed with a dopesolution by means of an inline mixer. The invention is not limited tothese methods. However, the concentration of silicon dioxide whensilicon dioxide fine particles are mixed with a solvent or the like, anddispersed therein is preferably 5 to 30 mass %, further preferably 10 to25 mass %, and most preferably 15 to 20 mass %. A higher dispersionconcentration is preferred because the solution turbidity becomes lowerrelative to the amount added, resulting in improvements of the haze andthe aggregate. The amount of the mat agent to be added in the finalcellulose acylate dope solution is preferably 0.01 to 1.0 g, furtherpreferably 0.03 to 0.3 g, and most preferably 0.08 to 0.16 g per squaremeters.

As for the solvents to be used, as lower alcohols, mention may bepreferably made of methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol,and the like. Other solvents than lower alcohols have no particularrestriction. However, the solvents to be used for the deposition of thecellulose acylate film are preferably used.

{Organic Solvent}

Then, the organic solvents in which the cellulose acylate is dissolvedfor manufacturing the cellulose acylate film of the invention will bedescribed.

In the invention, as organic solvents, both of chlorine type solventseach containing a chlorine type organic solvent as a main solvent, andnon-chlorine type solvents each not containing a chlorine type organicsolvent can be used.

(Chlorine Type Solvent)

For producing the cellulose acylate solution of the invention, achlorine type organic solvent is preferably used as the main solvent. Inthe invention, the type of the chlorine type organic solvent has noparticular restriction so long as the objects can be attained in such arange that cellulose acylate can be dissolved and cast to be formed in afilm. These chlorine type organic solvents are preferablydichloromethane and chloroform. Particularly, dichloromethane ispreferred. Whereas, mixing of other organic solvents than chlorine typeorganic solvents also presents no problem. In such a case,dichloromethane is required to be used in an amount of at least 50 mass% based on the total amount of the organic solvents. Other solvents tobe used in combination with chlorine type organic solvents in theinvention will be described below. Namely, as preferred other organicsolvents, the solvents selected from esters, ketones, ethers, alcohols,and hydrocarbons, having 3 to 12 carbon atoms are preferred. Esters,ketones, ethers, and alcohols may each have a cyclic structure. Acompound having two or more of any of the functional groups (i.e., —O—,—CO—, and —COO—) of esters, ketones, and ethers can also be used as asolvent. For example, it may have another functional group such as analcoholic hydroxyl group at the same time. For the solvent having two ormore functional groups, the number of carbon atoms thereof may fallwithin the specific range of the compound having any functional group.Examples of esters each having 3 to 12 carbon atoms may include ethylformate, propyl formate, pentyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate,and pentyl acetate. Examples of ketones each having 3 to 12 carbon atomsmay include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, diisobutylketone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and methyl cyclohexanone.Examples of ethers having 3 to 12 carbon atoms may include diisopropylether, dimethoxymethane, dimethoxyethane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane,tetrahydrofuran, anisole, and phenetole. Examples of the organic solventhaving two or more functional groups may include 2-ethoxy ethyl acetate,2-methoxy ethanol, and 2-butoxy ethanol.

Whereas, alcohols to be used in combination with chlorine type organicsolvents may be preferably straight-chain, branched, or cyclic. Out ofthese, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are preferred. Alcohols may haveany of primary to tertiary hydroxyl groups. Examples of alcohol mayinclude methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol,t-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol, and cyclohexanol.Incidentally, as alcohols, fluorine type alcohols are also used.Examples thereof may include 2-fluoroethanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol,and 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propanol. Further, hydrocarbons may bestraight-chain, branched, or cyclic. Either of aromatic hydrocarbons andaliphatic hydrocarbons may be used. The aliphatic hydrocarbons may besaturated or unsaturated. Examples of hydrocarbons may includecyclohexane, hexane, benzene, toluene, and xylene.

Non-limiting examples of the combinations of chlorine type organicsolvents and other organic solvents may include the followingcompositions:

Dichloromethane/methanol/ethanol/butanol (80/10/5/5, parts by mass),

Dichloromethane/acetone/methanol/propanol (80/10/5/5, parts by mass),

Dichloromethane/methanol/butanol/cyclohexane (80/10/5/5, parts by mass),

Dichloromethane/methyl ethyl ketone/methanol/butanol (80/10/5/5, partsby mass),

Dichloromethane/acetone/methyl ethyl ketone/ethanol/isopropanol(75/8/5/5/7, parts by mass),

Dichloromethane/cyclopentanone/methanol/isopropanol (80/7/5/8, parts bymass),

Dichloromethane/methyl acetate/butanol (80/10/10, parts by mass),

Dichloromethane/cyclohexanone/methanol/hexane (70/20/5/5, parts bymass),

Dichloromethane/methyl ethyl ketone/acetone/methanol/ethanol(50/20/20/5/5, parts by mass),

Dichloromethane/1,3-dioxolane/methanol/ethanol (70/20/5/5, parts bymass),

Dichloromethane/dioxane/acetone/methanol/ethanol (60/20/10/5/5, parts bymass),

Dichloromethane/acetone/cyclopentanone/ethanol/isobutanol/cyclohexane(65/10/10/5/5/5, parts by mass),

Dichloromethane/methyl ethyl ketone/acetone/methanol/ethanol(70/10/10/5/5, parts by mass),

Dichloromethane/acetone/ethyl acetate/ethanol/butanol/hexane(65/10/10/5/5/5, parts by mass),

Dichloromethane/methyl acetoacetate/methanol/ethanol (65/20/10/5, partsby mass), and

Dichloromethane/cyclopentanone/ethanol/butanol (65/20/10/5, parts bymass).

(Non-Chlorine Type Solvent)

Then, a description will be given to non-chlorine type organic solventsto be preferably used in producing the cellulose acylate solution of theinvention. In the invention, the non-chlorine type organic solvent hasno particular restriction so long as the objects can be attained in sucha range that cellulose acylate can be dissolved and cast to be formed ina film. The non-chlorine type organic solvents for use in the inventionare preferably the solvents selected from esters, ketones, and ethers,having 3 to 12 carbon atoms are preferred. Esters, ketones, and ethersmay each have a cyclic structure. A compound having two or more of anyof the functional groups (i.e., —O—, —CO—, and —COO—) of esters,ketones, and ethers can also be used as a main solvent. For example, itmay have another functional group such as an alcoholic hydroxyl group.For the main solvent having two or more functional groups, the number ofcarbon atoms thereof may fall within the prescribed range of thecompound having any functional group. Examples of esters each having 3to 12 carbon atoms may include ethyl formate, propyl formate, pentylformate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and pentyl acetate. Examples ofketones each having 3 to 12 carbon atoms may include acetone, methylethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, diisobutyl ketone, cyclopentanone,cyclohexanone, and methyl cyclohexanone. Examples of ethers having 3 to12 carbon atoms may include diisopropyl ether, dimethoxy methane,dimethoxy ethane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, anisole,and phenetole. Examples of the organic solvent having two or morefunctional groups may include 2-ethoxy ethyl acetate, 2-methoxy ethanol,and 2-butoxy ethanol.

The non-chlorine type organic solvents for use in cellulose acylatedescribed up to this point are selected from the various viewpointsdescribed above. However, they are preferably as follows. Namely, anon-chlorine type organic solvent is preferably a mixed solventcontaining the non-chlorine type organic solvent as a main solvent. Itis a mixed solvent of mutually different three or more solvents, whereinthe first solvent is at least one selected from methyl acetate, ethylacetate, methyl formate, ethyl formate, acetone, dioxolane, and dioxane,or a mixed solution thereof; the second solvent is selected from ketonesor acetoacetic acid esters having 4 to 7 carbon atoms; and the thirdsolvent is selected from alcohols or hydrocarbons having 1 to 10 carbonatoms, and more preferably alcohols having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.Incidentally, when the first solvent is a mixed solution of two or moresolvents, it is also acceptable that no second solvent is containedtherein. The first solvent is further preferably methyl acetate,acetone, methyl formate, or ethyl formate, or a mixture thereof. Thesecond solvent is preferably methyl ethyl ketone, cyclopentanone,cyclohexanone, or acetyl methyl acetate, and it may be a mixed solventthereof.

Alcohols which are the third solvents may be straight-chain, branched,or cyclic. Out of these, they are preferably saturated aliphatichydrocarbons. Alcohols may have any of primary to tertiary hydroxylgroups. Examples of alcohol may include methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol,2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, t-butanol, 1-pentanol,2-methyl-2-butanol, and cyclohexanol. Incidentally, as alcohols,fluorine type alcohols are also used. Examples thereof may include2-fluoroethanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, and2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propanol. Further, hydrocarbons may bestraight-chain, branched, or cyclic. Either of aromatic hydrocarbons andaliphatic hydrocarbons may be used. The aliphatic hydrocarbons may besaturated or unsaturated. Examples of hydrocarbons may includecyclohexane, hexane, benzene, toluene, and xylene. The alcohols andhydrocarbons which are the third solvents may be used alone, or inmixture of two or more thereof, and have no particular restriction. Aspreferred specific compounds as the third solvents, mention may be madeof, as alcohols, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol,2-butanol, and cyclohexanol, cyclohexane, and hexane. Particularly,mention may be made of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and1-butanol.

The mixing ratios of the three mixed solvents described above are asfollows: based on the total amount of the mixed solvents, preferably,the first solvent is contained in a content of 20 to 95 mass %; thesecond solvent, 2 to 60 mass %; and further the third solvent, 2 to 30mass %; further preferably, the first solvent is contained in an amountof 30 to 90 mass %; the second solvent, 3 to 50 mass %; and further thethird alcohol, 3 to 25 mass %. Further, in particular preferably, thefirst solvent is contained in an amount of 30 to 90 mass %; the secondsolvent, 3 to 30 mass %; and the third solvent is an alcohol, andcontained in an amount of 3 to 15 mass %. The foregoing non-chlorinetype organic solvents for use in the invention are further described indetails on p. 12 to 16 in Journal of Technical Disclosure (KOUKAI GIHOU)from Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation, Technical DisclosureNo. 2001-1745, (published on Mar., 15, 2001, Institute of Invention andInnovation). Non-limiting preferred examples of the combinations ofnon-chlorine type organic solvents may include the following:

Methyl acetate/acetone/methanol/ethanol/butanol (75/10/5/5/5, parts bymass),

Methyl acetate/acetone/methanol/ethanol/propanol (75/10/5/5/5, parts bymass),

Methyl acetate/acetone/methanol/butanol/cyclohexane (75/10/5/5/5, partsby mass),

Methyl acetate/acetone/ethanol/butanol (81/8/7/4, parts by mass),

Methyl acetate/acetone/ethanol/butanol (82/10/4/4, parts by mass),

Methyl acetate/acetone/ethanol/butanol (80/10/4/6, parts by mass),

Methyl acetate/methyl ethyl ketone/methanol/butanol (80/10/5/5, parts bymass),

Methyl acetate/acetone/methyl ethyl ketone/ethanol/isopropanol(75/8/5/5/7, parts by mass),

Methyl acetate/cyclopentanone/methanol/isopropanol (80/7/5/8, parts bymass),

Methyl acetate/acetone/butanol (85/10/5, parts by mass),

Methyl acetate/cyclopentanone/acetone/methanol/butanol (60/15/14/5/6,parts by mass),

Methyl acetate/cyclohexanone/methanol/hexane (70/20/5/5, parts by mass),

Methyl acetate/methyl ethyl ketone/acetone/methanol/ethanol(50/20/20/5/5, parts by mass),

Methyl acetate/1,3-dioxolane/methanol/ethanol (70/20/5/5, parts bymass),

Methyl acetate/dioxane/acetone/methanol/ethanol (60/20/10/5/5, parts bymass),

Methyl acetate/acetone/cyclopentanone/ethanol/isobutanol/cyclohexane(65/10/10/5/5/5, parts by mass),

Methyl formate/methyl ethyl ketone/acetone/methanol/ethanol(50/20/20/5/5, parts by mass),

Methyl formate/acetone/ethyl acetate/ethanol/butanol/hexane(65/10/10/5/5/5, parts by mass),

Acetone/methyl acetoacetate/methanol/ethanol (65/20/10/5, parts bymass),

Acetone/cyclopentanone/ethanol/butanol (65/20/10/5, parts by mass),

Acetone/1,3-dioxolane/ethanol/butanol (65/20/10/5, parts by mass), and

1,3-Dioxolane/cyclohexanone/methyl ethyl ketone/methanol/butanol(55/20/10/5 /5/5, parts by mass).

Further, there can be also used a cellulose acylate solution preparedwith the following methods:

A method in which with methyl acetate/acetone/ethanol/butanol (81/8/7/4,parts by mass), a cellulose acylate solution is produced, andfiltrated/concentrated, and then 2 parts by mass of butanol isadditionally added thereto;

A method in which with methyl acetate/acetone/ethanol/butanol(84/10/4/2, parts by mass), a cellulose acylate solution is produced,and filtrated/concentrated, and then 4 parts by mass of butanol isadditionally added thereto; and

A method in which with methyl acetate/acetone/ethanol (84/10/6, parts bymass), a cellulose acylate solution is produced, andfiltrated/concentrated, and then 5 parts by mass of butanol isadditionally added thereto.

The dope for use in the invention may be allowed to contain, other thanthe non-chlorine type organic solvents of the invention, dichloromethanein an amount of 10 mass % or less based on the total amount of theorganic solvents of the invention.

{Cellulose Acylate Solution Characteristics}

A cellulose acylate solution is preferably a solution obtained bydissolving cellulose acylate in the organic solvent in a concentrationof 10 to 30 mass % from the viewpoint of the suitability for filmformation and casting. The concentration is more preferably 13 to 27mass %, and in particular preferably 15 to 25 mass %. A process forcontrolling cellulose acylate to these concentrations may be carried outin the following manner. A prescribed concentration is achieved at thestage of dissolution. Alternatively, a low concentration solution (e.g.,9 to 14 mass %) is previously produced, and then, it is controlled intoa prescribed high concentration solution in a concentration stepdescribed later. Further, a high concentration cellulose acylatesolution is previously produced, and then it is adjusted into aprescribed low concentration cellulose acylate solution by addingvarious additives thereto. Any method presents no particular problem solong as it is carried out so as to achieve the cellulose acylatesolution concentration of the invention.

Then, the aggregate molecular weight of cellulose acylate in a dilutesolution obtained by adjusting the cellulose acylate solution to 0.1 to5 mass % with an organic solvent of the same composition is preferably150,000 to 15,000,000. Further preferably, the aggregate molecularweight is 180,000 to 9,000,000. The aggregate molecular weight can bedetermined by the static light scattering method. Dissolution ispreferably carried out so that the inertial square radius determinedsimultaneously at this step is 10 to 200 nm. The further preferredinertial square radius is 20 to 200 nm. Still further, dissolution iscarried out preferably so that the second virial coefficient is −2×10⁻⁴to +4×10⁻⁴, and more preferably so that the second virial coefficient is−2×10⁻⁴ to +2×10⁻⁴.

Herein, a description will be given to the definitions of the aggregatemolecular weight, and further the inertial square radius and the secondvirial coefficient in the invention. These are measured by the use ofthe static light scattering method according to the following method.The measurements are performed in the dilute region for convenience ofthe device. However, these measured values reflect the behavior of thedope in the high concentration region of the invention.

First, cellulose acylate is dissolved in a solvent to be used in thedope to prepare 0.1-mass %, 0.2-mass %, 0.3-mass %, and 0.4-mass %solutions. Incidentally, weighing is carried out by using celluloseacylate dried at 120° C. for 2 hours, at 25° C. and 10% RH in order toprevent moisture absorption. The dissolution method is carried outaccording to the method (ordinary temperature dissolution method,cooling dissolution method, or high temperature dissolution method)adopted for dope dissolution. Subsequently, these solutions and solventsare filtrated through a filter made of 0.2-μm Teflon (registered tradename). Then, the static light scattering is measured for each filtratedsolution by means of a light scattering measuring device (DLS-700,manufactured by OTSUKA ELECTROCNICS Co., Ltd.) at 25° C. at intervals of10 degrees from 30 degrees to 140 degrees. The obtained data is analyzedby the BERRY plotting method. Incidentally, as the refractive indexnecessary for this analysis, the value of a solvent determined with anAbbe refractometer is used. As the concentration gradient of therefractive index (dn/dc) is measured by using the solvent and thesolution used for the light scattering measurement by means of adifferential refractometer (DRM-1021, manufactured by Otsuka ElectronicsCo., Ltd.).

Then, a method for manufacturing the cellulose acylate film of theinvention will be described.

The method for manufacturing the cellulose acylate film of the inventionincludes a stretching step, the stretching step being a step of carryingout a stretching treatment with the stretching ratios in biaxialdirections orthogonal to each other set within respective specificranges, and the stretching treatment temperature set within a specificrange, characterized in that the thickness of the film after thestretching step falls within a specific range.

The manufacturing method of the invention can be used for manufacturingthe cellulose acylate film of the invention, and in addition, it canalso be used for manufacturing other cellulose acylate films. In thefollowing description, a description will be given in accordance withmanufacturing of the cellulose acylate film of the invention.

The cellulose acylate film of the invention is preferably manufacturedby carrying out respective steps including steps of dope preparation anda stretching treatment.

{Dope Preparation}

Then, the preparation of a cellulose acylate solution (dope) will bedescribed. The dissolution method of cellulose acylate has no particularrestriction. It may be carried out at room temperature, and further witha cooling dissolution method or a high temperature dissolution method,or further a combination of these. As for these, the preparation methodsof a cellulose acylate solution are described in, for example,JP-A-5-163301, JP-A-61-106628, JP-A-58-127737, JP-A-9-95544,JP-A-10-95854, JP-A-10-45950, JP-A-2000-53784, JP-A-11-322946, further,JP-A-11-322947, JP-A-2-276830, JP-A-2000-273239, JP-A-11-71463,JP-A-04-259511, JP-A-2000-273184, JP-A-11-323017, or JP-A-11-302388. Asfor the methods for dissolving cellulose acylate in an organic solventdescribed above, these techniques are also appropriately applicable tothe invention so long as these are within the scope of the invention.The details thereof are carried out with the method described in detailson p. 22 to 25 in Journal of Technical Disclosure (KOUKAI GIHOU) fromJapan Institute of Invention and Innovation, Technical Disclosure No.2001-1745, (published on Mar., 15, 2001, Institute of Invention andInnovation). Further, the dope solution of cellulose acylate of theinvention is generally subjected to the solution concentration and thefiltration, which is similarly described in details on p. 25 in Journalof Technical Disclosure (KOUKAI GIHOU) from Japan Institute of Inventionand Innovation, Technical Disclosure No. 2001-1745, (published on Mar.,15, 2001, Institute of Invention and Innovation). Incidentally, whendissolution is carried out at high temperatures, the temperature ismostly equal to or more than the boiling point of the organic solvent tobe used. In that case, the solution is used under pressure.

As for the cellulose acylate solution, when the solution has a viscosityand a dynamic storage elastic modulus within the respective rangesdescribed below, it is easy to cast, and preferred. 1 mL of a samplesolution is measured by means of a rheometer (CLS 500) with 4-cm dia/2°Steel Cone (both manufactured by TA Instruments Co.). The measurement iscarried out under the measurement conditions of temperatures changeableat 2° C./min within the range of 40° C. to −10° C. with OscillationStep/Temperature Ramp. Thus, the static non-Newtonial viscosity n*(Pa·S)at 40° C. and the storage elastic modulus G′(Pa) at −5° C. aredetermined. Incidentally, the sample solution is previously thermallyinsulated until the solution temperature becomes constant at themeasurement starting temperature. Then, the measurement is started. Inthe invention, preferably, the viscosity at 40° C. is 1 to 400 Pa·S, andthe dynamic storage elastic modulus at 15° C. is 500 Pa or more. Morepreferably, the viscosity at 40° C. is 10 to 200 Pa·S, and the dynamicstorage elastic modulus at 15° C. is 100 to 1000,000 Pa. Further, alarger dynamic storage elastic modulus at low temperatures is morepreferred. For example, when the metal support of the casting part is at−5° C., the dynamic storage elastic modulus is preferably 10,000 to1000,000 Pa at −5° C. When the metal support of the casting part is at−50° C., the dynamic storage elastic modulus at −50° C. is preferably10,000 to 5000,000 Pa.

In the invention, when the cellulose acylate is used, a highconcentration dope can be obtained. Therefore, a cellulose acylatesolution with a high concentration, and further excellent in stabilitycan be obtained even without relying upon the means of concentration. Inorder to further facilitate the dissolution, it is also acceptable thatthe dissolution is carried out with a low concentration, and thenconcentration is carried out by using a concentration means. Theconcentration method has no particular restriction. However, it can becarried out, for example, with the following methods: a method in whicha low concentration solution is introduced between a cylinder body andthe rotary locus of the outer circumference of a rotary blade rotatingin a circumferential direction of the inside thereof, and a temperaturedifference is caused between the solution and it; thus, whileevaporating the solvent, a high concentration solution is obtained(e.g., JP-A-4-259511), a method in which a heated low concentrationsolution is sprayed from a nozzle into a container, and the solvent isflash evaporated during the period until the solution from the nozzlehits the container inner wall, and the solvent vapor is extracted fromthe container, and a high concentration solution is extracted from thecontainer bottom (the method described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos.2,541,012, 2,858,229, 4,414,341, and 4,504,355).

The solution is preferably subjected to filtration to remove foreignmatters such as undissolved matters, dust, and impurities by the use ofan appropriate filter of gauze, flannel, or the like prior to casting.For the filtration of the cellulose acylate solution, a filter with anabsolute filtration accuracy of 0.1 to 100 μm is preferably used, andfurther, a filter with an absolute filtration accuracy of 0.5 to 25 μmis preferably used. The thickness of the filter is preferably 0.1 to 10mm, and further preferably 0.2 to 2 mm. In that case, the filtrationpressure is preferably 1.6 MPa or less, more preferably 1.2 MPa or less,further preferably 1.0 MPa or less, and in particular preferably 0.2 MPaor less. For the filters, there can be preferably used conventionallyknown materials such as glass fiber, cellulose fiber, filter paper,fluororesin such as tetrafluoroethylene. Particularly, ceramics, metals,and the like are preferably used. Any viscosity immediately before filmformation of the cellulose acylate solution is acceptable so long as itfalls within such a range as to allow casting for film formation. Ingeneral, it is prepared in the range of preferably 10 Pa·S to 2000 Pa·S,more preferably 30 Pa·S to 1000 Pa·S, and further preferably 40 Pa·S to500 Pa·S. Incidentally, the temperature at this step has no particularrestriction so long as it is the temperature at the time of casting.However, it is preferably −5 to +70° C., and more preferably −5 to +55°C.

{Film Formation}

The cellulose acylate film of the invention can be obtained by carryingout film formation using the cellulose acylate solution. As the filmforming method and equipment, there are used the solution casting filmforming method and the solution casting film forming apparatusconventionally made available for manufacturing of a cellulosetriacetate film. The prepared dope (cellulose acylate solution) from adissolution apparatus (tank) is once stored in a storage tank. Then, thefoams contained in the dope are removed for final preparation. The dopeis fed from a dope outlet through, for example, a pressing type meteringgear pump capable of quantitative solution feeding with high precisionaccording to the number of revolutions, to a press type die. The dope isevenly cast from the nozzle (slit) of the press type die onto the metalsupport of the casing part running endlessly. At the peeling point atwhich the metal support has almost completed one revolution, the dopefilm not completely dried (which is also referred to as a web) is peeledoff from the metal support. The opposite sides of the resulting web arefixed with clips, so that the web is transferred by a tenter whileholding the width, and dried. Subsequently, the web is transferred witha roll group of a drying apparatus to complete drying. Then, it is woundin a prescribed length by a winder. The combination of the tenter andthe drying apparatus of the roll group varies according to the intendedpurpose. In the solution casting film forming method to be used for afunctional protective film for an electronic display, other than thesolution casting film forming apparatus, a coating apparatus is oftenadded thereto for the surface processing of the film such as anundercoat layer, an antistatic layer, an antihalation layer, or aprotective layer. Below, each manufacturing step will be describedsimply. However, the invention is not limited thereto.

First, for forming the prepared cellulose acylate solution (dope) into acellulose acylate film by a solvent cast method, the dope is cast onto adrum or a band, and the solvent is evaporated to form a film. The dopebefore casting is preferably adjusted in concentration so that the solidcontent is 5 to 40 mass %. The surface of the drum or the band ispreferably finished in a mirror state. The dope is preferably used insuch as manner as to be cast on a drum or a band having a surfacetemperature of 30° C. or less. Particularly, the metal supporttemperature is preferably −10 to 20° C. Further, the methods describedin each publication of JP-A-2000-301555, JP-A-2000-301558,JP-A-07-032391, JP-A-03-193316, JP-A-05-086212, JP-A-62-037113,JP-A-02-276607, JP-A-55-014201, JP-A-02-111511, and JP-A-02-208650 canbe used in the invention.

{Multilayer Casting}

The cellulose acylate solution may be cast as a monolayer solution on asmooth band or drum as the metal support. Alternatively, two or morelayers of a plurality of cellulose acylate solutions may be cast. When aplurality of cellulose acylate solutions are cast, a film may bemanufactured while casting cellulose acylate-containing solutionsrespectively from a plurality of casting ports provided at intervals inthe direction of advance of the metal support for lamination. Forexample, the method described in each publication of JP-A-61-158414,JP-A-1-122419, and JP-A-11-198285 is applicable. Alternatively, a filmmay be formed by casting cellulose acylate solutions from two castingport. This process can be carried out with the method described in eachpublication of, for example, JP-B-60-27562, JP-A-61-94724,JP-A-61-947245, JP-A-61-104813, JP-A-61-158413, and JP-A-6-134933.Whereas, the following cellulose acylate film casting method describedin JP-A-56-162617 is also acceptable. Namely, the flow of a highviscosity cellulose acylate solution is covered by a low viscositycellulose acylate solution, and the high and low viscosity celluloseacylate solutions are simultaneously extruded. Still further; theprocess in which the outer solution contains a larger amount of analcoholic component which is a poor solvent than the inner solutiondescribed in each publication of JP-A-61-94724 and JP-A-61-94725 is alsoa preferred embodiment. Alternatively, the following process is alsoacceptable. Namely, using two casting ports, the film formed on themetal support by the first casting port is peeled, and a second castingis carried out on the side in contact with the metal support surface.This is the method described in, for example, JP-B-44-20235. Thecellulose acylate solutions to be cast may be the same solution, ordifferent cellulose acylate solutions, and thus they have no particularrestriction. In order for a plurality of cellulose acylate layers tohave functions, the cellulose acylate solutions corresponding to therespective functions may be extruded from their respective castingports. Further, casting of the cellulose acylate solutions can becarried out simultaneously with other functional layers (e.g., anadhesive layer, a dye layer, an antistatic layer, an antihalation layer,a UV absorption layer, and a polarizing layer).

For a conventional monolayer solution, extrusion of a high-concentrationhigh viscosity cellulose acylate solution is necessary for achieving thenecessary film thickness. In that case, the cellulose acylate solutionmay be inferior in stability, so that solid matters are generated. As aresult, unfavorably, often, pimple defects are formed, or the flatnessis defective. As the solution thereof, by casing a plurality ofcellulose acylate solutions from the casting ports, it is possible tosimultaneously extrude high viscosity solutions on the metal support.Thus, not only the flatness is improved and a film having an excellentsurface condition can be manufactured, but also the reduction of dryingload can be achieved by the use of the concentrated cellulose acylatesolutions. As a result, the production speed of the film can beenhanced. For co-casting, the thicknesses of the inner side and theouter side have no particular restriction. However, preferably, thethickness of the outside film accounts for preferably 1 to 50%, and morepreferably 2 to 30% of the total film thickness. Herein, in the case ofco-casting of three or more layers, the total film thickness of thelayer in contact with the metal support and the layer in contact withthe air side is defined as the outside thickness. In the case ofco-casting, cellulose acylate solutions different in concentration ofadditives such as the plasticizer, ultraviolet absorber, and mat agentcan be co-cast to manufacture a cellulose acylate film of a laminationstructure. For example, it is possible to form a cellulose acylate filmwith a configuration of skin layer/core layer/skin layer. For example,the mat agent is contained in large amounts in the skin layer, or it canbe added only to the skin layer. The plasticizer or the ultravioletabsorber can be added to the core layer in larger amounts than to theskin layer, or it may be added only to the core layer. Whereas, thetypes of the plasticizer or the ultraviolet absorber may be variedbetween the core layer and the skin layer. For example, the skin layercan be allowed to contain a low volatile plasticizer and/or ultravioletabsorber, and to the core layer, a plasticizer excellent in plasticity,or an ultraviolet absorber excellent in ultraviolet absorption propertycan be added. Further, inclusion of a release accelerator in only theskin layer on the metal support side is also a preferred embodiment.Further, the following procedure is also preferred. Namely, in order tocool the metal support with a cooling drum method, and gelling thesolution, an alcohol which is a poor solvent is added to the skin layerin larger amounts than to the core layer. The skin layer and the corelayer may have different Tg's. The Tg of the core layer is preferablylower than the Tg of the skin layer. Further, the viscosity of thesolution containing cellulose acylate during casting may vary betweenthe skin layer and the core layer. The viscosity of the skin layer ispreferably smaller than the viscosity of the core layer. However, it isalso acceptable that the viscosity of the core layer is smaller than theviscosity of the skin layer.

{Casting}

The casting methods of the solution include: a method in which theprepared dope is evenly extruded from a pressing die onto the metalsupport; a method by a doctor blade in which the dope once cast on themetal support is controlled by a blade in film thickness; a method by areverse roll coater in which control is carried out by means of acounterrotating roll, or other methods. However, the method by means ofa pressing die is preferred. The pressing dies include a coat-hangertype, T die type, and other types. However, any can be preferably used.Alternatively, casting can be carried out with, other than the methodsmentioned herein, various conventionally known methods for casting acellulose triacetate solution for film formation. By setting respectiveconditions by allowing for the differences in the boiling point betweensolvents used, and the like, it is possible to obtain the same effectsas the contents described in respective publications. As the metalsupports running endlessly to be used for manufacturing the celluloseacylate film of the invention, there is used a drum having a surfacemirror-finished with chrome plating, or a stainless steel belt (whichcan also be referred to as a band) mirror-finished by surface polishing.One, or two or more pressing dies to be used for manufacturing thecellulose acylate film of the invention may be set above the metalsupport. Preferably, one or two dies are set. When two or more dies areset, the amount of the dope to be cast may be divided in various ratiosbetween respective dies, and the dope may be fed in respective ratiosfrom a plurality of precision metering gear pumps. The temperature ofthe cellulose acylate solution to be used for casting is preferably −10to 55° C., and more preferably 25 to 50° C. In that case, all the stepsmay be the same, or the steps may be different in respective points fromone another. When there are differences therebetween, it is essentialonly that a desirable temperature can be achieved immediately beforecasting.

{Drying]

Drying of the dope on the metal support in accordance with manufacturingof the cellulose acylate film is generally accomplished by the followingmethods: a method in which a hot air is applied from the surface side ofthe metal support (drum or belt), i.e., from the surface of the web onthe metal support; a method in which a hot air is applied from the rearside of the drum or the belt; a liquid heat transfer method in which atemperature-controlled liquid is brought in contact with the rear sideof the belt or the drum, which is the opposite side from the dope castside, thereby to heat the drum or the belt by heat transfer forcontrolling the surface temperature; and other methods. However, therear side liquid heat transfer method is preferred. The surfacetemperature of the metal support prior to casting may be any temperatureso long as it is equal to, or less than the boiling point of the solventused in the dope. However, in order to promote drying, or in order toeliminate the fluidity on the metal support, the temperature ispreferably set at a temperature lower by 1 to 10° C. than the boilingpoint of the solvent having the lowest boiling point out of the solventsused. Incidentally, this does not apply to the case where the cast dopeis released off without cooling nor drying.

{Stretching Treatment}

The stretching treatment is, as described above, carried out by settingthe stretching ratios in biaxial directions orthogonal to each other setwithin respective specific ranges, and setting the stretching treatmenttemperature within a specific range.

The wording “stretching ratios in biaxial directions orthogonal to eachother” represents those in the MD direction (casting direction) and theTD direction (direction orthogonal to the MD direction i.e. widthdirection).

As for the cellulose acylate film of the invention, the retardation canbe adjusted by a stretching treatment. Further, there is also a methodfor positively stretching the film in the width direction, and it isdescribed in, for example, each publication of JP-A-62-115035,JP-A-4-152125, JP-A-4-284211, JP-A-4-298310, and JP-A-11-48271. Withthis, the manufactured film is stretched in order to set the in-planeretardation value of the cellulose acylate film at a high value.

Further, JP-A-2003-014933 describes as follows. As a stretching method,there can be preferably used a transverse stretching machine referred toas a tenter, whereby the opposite sides of the web are fixed with clipsor pins, and the spacing between the clips or the pins is expandedtransversely for transverse stretching. Whereas, the following is alsodisclosed. Longitudinal stretching or shrinking can be carried out byexpanding or shrinking the spacing between the clips or pins in thedirection of transport (longitudinally) by the use of a simultaneousbiaxial stretching machine. Further, when the clip portions are drivenby a linear drive system, stretching can be carried out smoothly, andthe risk of rupture or the like can be reduced. Therefore, this case ispreferable. Whereas, the following is also shown. As the method forlongitudinal stretching, there can also be used a method in which adifference is caused in circumferential velocity between a plurality ofrolls, and longitudinal stretching is carried out by the use of thedifference in roll circumferential velocity therebetween. Incidentally,it is also possible to use these stretching methods in a compositemanner. It is described that the stretching step can be divided into twoor more stages to be carried out as with (longitudinal stretching,transverse stretching) or (longitudinal stretching, longitudinalstretching).

The temperature of the stretching treatment of the film is equal to, ormore than the temperature higher by 25° C. than the glass transitiontemperature (Tg) of the film, and equal to or less than thecrystallization temperature. The temperature of the stretching treatmentrepresents the surface temperature of the film itself at stretching.

By achieving the temperature within this range, it is possible to reducethe haze in the case of a thin film manufactured by high ratiostretching.

The stretching ratios are 1.2 to 4.0 and 1.05 to 3.8 for the biaxialdirections MD direction and TD direction, respectively. The preferredstretching ratios are 1.2 to 3.0 and 1.2 to 2.8, respectively, and inparticular preferably 1.2 to 2.0 and 1.2 to 1.8, respectively. Bysetting the stretching ratios within the specific ranges, it is possibleto implement a thin and high elastic modulus cellulose acylate film, andit is possible to obtain a film which is excellent in developability ofthe in-plane and thickness-direction retardation, and is easy to handlefor manufacturing and processing. Further, when the stretching ratiosare less than 1.2 and 1.05, respectively, it becomes difficult tosatisfy desirable optical characteristics. When the stretching ratiosexceed 4.0 and 3.8, respectively, rupture during stretching may occur.

Whereas, at least one stretching velocity of the biaxial directionsorthogonal to each other is preferably 10%/min, and further preferably10 to 3%/min. By achieving this range, it is possible to make the hazesmall even for a thin film manufactured by high ratio stretching.Specifically, in at least one of the MD direction and the TD direction,the stretching velocity is required to be set at 10%/min. However, whenin any one direction, the stretching velocity falls within this range,the other stretching velocity has no particular restriction. Morepreferably, in both directions, the stretching velocity is set withinthis range.

The birefringence of the film is preferably such that the refractiveindex in the width direction is larger than the refractive index of thedirection of length. Therefore, the film is preferably stretched to agreater degree in the width direction. Whereas, the stretching treatmentmay be carried out halfway during the film formation step, or theoriginal roll wound after film formation may be subjected to astretching treatment. In the former case, stretching may be carried outwith a residual amount of the solvent being contained therein.Stretching can be carried out preferably with a residual solvent amountof 2 to 30%.

The drying and the control of the surface temperature of the film duringstretching are effective means for obtaining a cellulose acylate filmproducing the desirable effects of the invention. In general, the glasstransition temperature (Tg) of the film tens to increase as the dryingof the cellulose acylate film proceeds, and the amount of the solvent(volatile component) in the film is reduced. Effectively, the heatingtemperature during drying or stretching is set so that the surfacetemperature of the film exceeds the glass transition temperature in anystep of the drying initial step (the period during which the volatilecomponents is in an amount of around 70% (based on the dry mass)), thestretching step, and the drying final step (the period during which thevolatile component is in an amount of almost 0 mass %).

Particularly, it is effective that the surface temperature of the filmis set at a specific value in the stretching step. Namely, in thestretching step, the surface temperature of the film is set to be equalto or higher than the Tg of the film by 25° C. and to be equal to orless than the crystallization temperature. The film surface ispreferably temperature controlled so as to be higher by 25° C. to 200°C., further preferably temperature controlled so as to be higher thanthe Tg of the film by 40 to 150° C., and in particular preferablytemperature controlled so as to be higher than the Tg of the film by 60to 100° C.

Incidentally, the glass transition temperature (Tg) is the valuedetermined in the following manner. By using a differential scanningcalorimeter (DSC), the temperature of the point of inflection on thelower temperature side of the endothermic (exothermic) curve measuredunder the following conditions is determined from the point ofintersection between tangents to the curve. The crystallizationtemperature (Tc) is the value obtained by reading the temperature of thetop of the exothermic peak occurring on the high temperature side of theTg.

Container Closed container made of stainless steel 70 μl Measurementmode Modulated DSC Scanning temperature region −50 to 200° C. Heatingrate 2° C./min Cooling rate 20° C./min Amplitude during heating ±1° C.Amplitude cycle 80 seconds

Whereas, the surface temperature of the film is the temperature of thefilm surface measured by means of a non-contact infrared thermometer. Ingeneral, the surface temperature of the film tends to be lower than theair supply temperature of the drying zone. Particularly, this tendencyis intensified under the influence of the evaporation latent heat in theperiod in which the volatile component content is high. Therefore, it isimportant to control the surface temperature by the actual measurement.

As described above, the film thickness of the cellulose acylate film ofthe invention is characterized by being 20 to 70 μm. Also when thecellulose acylate film of the invention is manufactured in accordancewith the manufacturing method of the invention, the film thickness ofthe cellulose acylate film obtained after the stretching step is 20 to70 μm. The film thickness is further preferably 30 to 60 μm, and mostpreferably 30 to 50 μm. When the film thickness is less than 20 μm, itbecomes difficult to handle the film due to problems of wrinkles uponbonding even if the elastic modulus is properly controlled within theprescribed ranges of the invention.

Whereas, as described above, the elastic modulus in at least onedirection of the film casting direction and width direction of thecellulose acylate film of the invention is 3.5 to 10 GPa, furtherpreferably 4 to 7 GPa, and most preferably 4 to 6 GPa. When it is lessthan 3.5 GPa, and a thin film is formed, sagging, wrinkles, and bendingmay occur upon processing into a polarizing plate, or upon bonding to aliquid crystal display device. On the other hand, when the elasticmodulus exceeds 10 GPa, chips may occur upon punching of slits in thefilm or a polarizing plate. By setting the stretching ratio within aspecific range, it is possible to implement the cellulose acylate filmwhich is thin as described above, and has a specific high elasticmodulus as described above.

Whereas, the haze of the cellulose acylate film of the invention ispreferably 1% or less, and further preferably 0.7% or less.

When the haze is 1% or less, the resolution and the contrast of an imagewill not be reduced for using the film on a liquid crystal displaydevice. Therefore, this case is preferable. The haze can be set withinthe foregoing range by carrying out biaxial stretching at a temperatureof equal to or more than the glass transition temperature +25° C., andof equal to or less than the crystallization temperature, or carryingout biaxial stretching at a stretching velocity of 10%/min or less.

On the other hand, the in-plane retardation Re at a wavelength of 589 nmof the film falls preferably within the range of 20 to 80 nm, morepreferably within the range of 25 to 75 nm, and further preferablywithin the range of 30 to 70 nm. The retardation in athickness-direction Rth falls preferably within the range of 100 to 250nm, more preferably within the range of 110 to 190 nm, and furtherpreferably within the range of 120 to 180 nm.

In this specification, Re(λ), and Rth(λ) represent the in-planeretardation and the retardation in a thickness-direction. Re(λ) ismeasured by means of KOBRA 21ADH or WR (manufactured by Oji ScientificInstruments Co., Ltd.) for light with a wavelength of λ nm made incidentin the direction of film normal. Rth(λ) is calculated by means of KOBRA21ADH or WR based on the following retardation values measured at atotal of 6 positions, the hypothetical value of the average refractiveindex, and the inputted film thickness value. The retardation values aremeasured for light with a wavelength of λ nm made incident from thedirections tilted respectively in steps of 10 degrees from the normaldirection toward 50 degrees on one side relative to the film normaldirection with the in-plane slow axis (judged by KOBRA 21ADH or WR) as atilt axis (rotational axis) (when there is no slow axis, a given filmin-plane direction is taken as the rotational axis). Incidentally, Rthcan also be calculated according to the following equations (1) and (2)based on the following retardation values, the hypothetical value of theaverage refractive index, and the inputted film thickness value. Theretardation values are measured from given two directions with the slowaxis as a tilt axis (rotational axis) (when there is no slow axis, agiven film in-plane direction is taken as the rotational axis). Herein,as the hypothetical values of the average refractive index, the valuesin POLYMER HANDBOOK, (JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC), and catalogues of variousoptical films can be used. When the values of the average refractiveindex are not known, they can be measured by means of an Abberefractormeter. The values of the average refractive indices of mainoptical films will be exemplified below: cellulose acylate (1.48),cycloolefin polymer (1.52), polycarbonate (1.59), polymethylmethacrylate (1.49), and polystyrene (1.59). By inputting thehypothetical values of the average refractive index and the filmthickness, KOBRA 21ADH or WR calculates nx, ny, and nz. From thecalculated nx, ny, and nz, Nz=(nx−nz)/(nx−ny) is further calculated.

$\begin{matrix}{{{Re}(\theta)} = {\lbrack {{nx} - \frac{( {{ny} \times {nz}} )}{\sqrt{\begin{matrix}{\{ {{ny}\; {\sin ( {\sin^{- 1}( \frac{\sin ( {- \theta} )}{nx} )} )}} \}^{2} +} \\\{ {{nz}\; {\cos ( {\sin^{- 1}( \frac{\sin^{- 1}( {- \theta} )}{nx} )} )}} \}^{2}\end{matrix}}}} \rbrack \times \frac{d}{\cos \{ {\sin^{- 1}( \frac{\sin ( {- \theta} )}{nx} )} \}}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} (1)}\end{matrix}$

Re(θ) in the equation (1) represents the retardation value in thedirection tilted at an angle θ from the normal direction.

Rth=((nx+ny)/2−nz)×d  Equation (2)

The adjustment of the film thickness can be accomplished by adjustingthe concentration of solid content contained in the dope, the intervalsbetween slits of nozzles of the die, the extrusion pressure from thedie, the metal support speed, and the like so as to achieve a desirablethickness. The width of the cellulose acylate film obtained in theforegoing manner is preferably 0.5 to 3 m, more preferably 0.6 to 2.5 m,and further preferably 0.8 to 2.2 m. The length of the film to be woundper roll is preferably 100 to 10000 m, more preferably 500 to 7000 m,and further preferably 1000 to 6000 m. For winding, a knurling ispreferably provided at least on one end. The width is preferably 3 mm to50 mm, and more preferably 5 mm to 30 mm. The height is preferably 0.5to 500 μm, and more preferably 1 to 200 μm. For this, either singlepressing or double pressing is acceptable.

The variations in Re value along the entire width is preferably ±5 nm,and further preferably ±3 nm. Whereas, the variations in Rth value ispreferably ±10 nm, and further preferably ±5 nm. Whereas, the variationsin Re value and Rth value along the direction of length also preferablyfall within the range of the variations along the width direction.

<Polarizing Plate>

Then, the polarizing plate of the invention will be described.

The polarizing plate of the invention is the one using at least one ofthe cellulose acylate films of the invention as the protective film ofthe polarizing film.

The polarizing plate generally includes a polarizing film, and a pair ofprotective films disposed on the opposite sides thereof and interposingthe polarizing film therebetween. Then, in the invention, as at leastone protective film, the cellulose acylate film of the invention isused. As the other protective film, the cellulose acylate film of theinvention may be used, or a general cellulose acetate film may be used.

The polarizing films include an iodine type polarizing film, and a dyetype polarizing film and a polyene type polarizing film using a dichroicdye. The iodine type polarizing film and the dye type polarizing filmare generally manufactured by the use of a polyvinyl alcohol type film.

When the cellulose acylate film of the invention is used as a protectivefilm for the polarizing plate, the manufacturing method of thepolarizing plate has no particular restriction, and the polarizing platecan be manufactured with a common method. For example, there is thefollowing method: the obtained cellulose acylate films are subjected toan alkali treatment, and bonded by the use of a fully saponifiedpolyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution to the opposite sides of thepolarizing film manufactured by immersing a polyvinyl alcohol film in aniodine solution for stretching. In place of the alkali treatment, theeasy adhesion processing as described in JP-A-6-94915 and JP-A-6-118232may be performed. Examples of the adhesive to be used for boning theprotective film treated side and the polarizing film may includepolyvinyl alcohol type adhesives such as polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylbutyral, and vinyl type latexes such as butyl acrylate.

The polarizing plate includes a polarizing film, and protective filmsprotecting the opposite sides thereof. Further, the polarizing plate maybe configured such that a protective film is bonded on one side of thepolarizing plate, and a separate film is bonded on the opposite sidethereof. The protective film and the separate film are used for thepurpose of protecting the polarizing plate during the shipment of thepolarizing plates, during the product inspection, or the like. In thiscase, the protective film is bonded for the purpose of protecting thesurface of the polarizing plate, and it is used on the side of thepolarizing plate opposite from the side to be bonded to the liquidcrystal plate. Whereas, the separate film is used for the purpose ofcovering the adhesion layer to be bonded to the liquid crystal plate,and it is used on the surface side of the polarizing plate to be bondedto the liquid crystal plate.

The cellulose acylate film of the invention is preferably bonded to thepolarizing film in the following manner. Namely, bonding is achieved sothat the transmission axis of the polarizing film is in alignment withthe slow axis of the cellulose acylate film of the invention.

Incidentally, for the polarizing plate manufactured under polarizingplate crossed nicols, when the orthogonality precision between the slowaxis of the cellulose acylate film of the invention and the absorptionaxis (axis orthogonal to the transmission axis) of the polarizing filmexceeds 1°, the polarization degree performance under polarizing platecrossed nicols is reduced, and light leakage occurs. When the polarizingplate is combined with a liquid crystal cell, sufficient black level andcontrast cannot be obtained. For this reason, the direction of the mainrefractive index nx of the cellulose acylate film of the invention andthe direction of the transmission axis of the polarizing plate deviatefrom each other by 1° or less, and preferably by 0.5° or less.

The polarizing plate of the invention preferably satisfies at least oneor more of the following expressions (a) to (d):

40.0≦TT≦45.0;  (a)

30.0≦PT≦40.0;  (b)

CT≦2.0; and  (c)

95.0≦P  (d)

where in the expressions, TT represents the single plate transmittance;PT, the parallel transmittance; CT, the orthogonal transmittance; and P,the degree of polarization, at 25° C. and 60% RH.

The single plate transmittance TT, the parallel transmittance PT, andthe orthogonal transmittance CT are, in this order, more preferably40.5≦TT≦45, 32≦PT≦39.5, and CT≦1.5, and further preferably 41.0≦TT≦44.5,34≦PT≦39.0, and CT≦1.3, respectively. The degree of polarization P ispreferably 95.0% or more, more preferably 96.0% or more, and furtherpreferably 97.0% or more.

The polarizing plate of the invention preferably satisfies at least oneor more of the following expressions (e) to (g):

T(380)≦2.0;  (e)

T(410)≦1.0; and  (f)

T(700)≦0.5,  (g)

where T(λ) such as T(380), T(410), or T(700) represents the orthogonaltransmittance at a wavelength of λ, such as 380, 410, or 700,respectively.

More preferably, T(380)≦1.95; T(410)≦0.9; and T(700)≦0.49, and furtherpreferably, T(380)≦1.90; T(410)≦0.8; and T(700)≦0.48.

The polarizing plate of the invention preferably satisfies at least oneor more of the following expressions (j) and (k):

−6.0≦ΔCT≦6.0; and  (j)

−10.0≦ΔP≦0.0  (k)

where ΔCT represents the amount of change in orthogonal single platetransmittance, and ΔP represents the amount of change in degree ofpolarization, when the polarizing plate has been allowed to stand stillfor 500 hours under the conditions of 60° C. and 95% RH, (provided thatthe amount of change represents the value obtained by subtracting themeasured value before the test from the measured value after the test)

More preferably, −5.8≦ΔCT≦5.8 and −9.5≦ΔP≦0.0, and further preferably,−5.6≦ΔCT≦5.6 and −9.0≦ΔP≦0.0.

The polarizing plate of the invention preferably satisfies at least oneor more of the following expressions (h) and (i):

−3.0≦ΔCT≦3.0; and  (h)

−5.0≦ΔP≦0.0  (i)

where ΔCT represents the amount of change in orthogonal single platetransmittance, and ΔP represents the amount of change in degree ofpolarization, when the polarizing plate has been allowed to stand stillfor 500 hours under the conditions of 60° C. and 90% RH.

The polarizing plate of the invention preferably satisfies at least oneor more of the following expressions (l) and (m):

−3.0≦ΔCT≦3.0; and  (l)

−2.0≦ΔP≦0.0  (m)

where ΔCT represents the amount of change in orthogonal single platetransmittance, and ΔP represents the amount of change in degree ofpolarization, when the polarizing plate has been allowed to stand stillfor 500 hours under the condition of 80° C.

As for the single plate transmittance TT, the parallel transmittance PT,and the orthogonal transmittance CT, the measurements are carried out ata wavelength in the range of 380 nm to 780 nm by means of UV3100PC(manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). For every of TT, PT, and CT,each average value of 10 measurements (average value at 400 nm to 700nm) is used. The polarizing plate durability tests are carried out intwo forms of (1) only a polarizing plate, and (2) a polarizing platebonded on glass via an adhesive in the following manner. For themeasurement of only a polarizing plate, there are prepared two sameplates each configured such that two polarizing films are combined tocross each other at right angles so as to interpose the celluloseacylate film of the invention therebetween. For the polarizing platebeing bonded on glass, there are prepared two samples (about 5 cm×5 cm)each configured such that the polarizing plate is bonded on glass sothat the cellulose acylate film of the invention is on the glass side.For the single plate transmittance measurement, the measurement iscarried out by setting the film side of the sample so as to face thelight source. The two samples are measured, respectively, and theaverage value thereof is taken as the single plate transmittance.

{Surface Treatment}

The cellulose acylate film of the invention may be subjected to asurface treatment, which can achieve the improvement of the adhesionbetween the cellulose acylate film and respective functional layers(e.g., an undercoat layer and a back layer). Examples of the surfacetreatment usable may include a glow discharge treatment, an ultravioletirradiation treatment, a corona treatment, a flame treatment, and anacid or alkali treatment. The glow discharge treatment herein referredto may be a low temperature plasma caused under a low pressure gas of10⁻³ to 20 Ton (0.133 Pa to 2.66 kPa), and further preferably a plasmatreatment under an atmospheric pressure. The plasma excitable gasdenotes a gas that can be excited into plasma under the conditions asdescribed above. Mention may be made of argon, helium, neon, krypton,xenon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, flons such as tetrafluoromethane,mixtures thereof, and the like. These are described in details on p. 30to 32 in Journal of Technical Disclosure (KOUKAI GIHOU) from JapanInstitute of Invention and Innovation, Technical Disclosure No.2001-1745, (published on Mar., 15, 2001, Institute of Invention andInnovation). Incidentally, in the plasma treatment under atmosphericpressure, which has received attentions in recent years, for example, anirradiation energy of 20 to 500 Kgy is used under 10 to 1000 Key, andmore preferably an irradiation energy of 20 to 300 Kgy is used under 30to 500 Key. Out of these, an alkali saponification treatment isparticularly preferred, and it is very effective as the surfacetreatment of the cellulose acylate.

The alkali saponification treatment is preferably carried out by amethod in which a cellulose acylate film is directly immersed in a bathof a saponification solution, or a method in which a saponificationsolution is coated on a cellulose acylate film. As the coating method,mention may be made of a dip coating method, a curtain coating method,an extrusion coating method, a bar coating method, and an E type coatingmethod. As the solvent of the alkali saponification treatment coatingsolution, there is preferably selected a solvent which is good inwettability because the saponification solution is coated on a celluloseacylate film, and keeps the surface conditions favorable without formingunevenness on the cellulose acylate film surface by the saponificationsolution solvent. Specifically, an alcohol type solvent is preferred,and in particular, isopropyl alcohol is preferred. Whereas, an aqueoussolution of a surfactant can also be used as a solvent. The alkali ofthe alkali saponification coating solution is preferably an alkali whichis dissolved in the solvents, and further preferably KOH or NaOH. The pHof the saponification coating solution is preferably 10 or more, andfurther preferably 12 or more. The reaction conditions for alkalisaponification are preferably, at room temperature, 1 second or more and5 minutes or less, further preferably 5 seconds or more and 5 minutes orless, and in particular preferably 20 seconds or more and 3 minutes orless. After the alkali saponification reaction, preferably, thesaponification solution coated side is washed with water, or washed withan acid, followed by water washing.

Whereas, the polarizing plate of the invention preferably includes atleast one layer of a hard coat layer, an antiglare layer, and anantireflection layer provided on the surface of the protective film onthe other side of the polarizing plate. Namely, when the polarizingplate is used for a liquid crystal display device, on the protectivefilm disposed on the opposite side from the liquid crystal cell, afunctional film such as an antireflection layer is preferably provided.As such a functional film, at least one layer of the hard coat layer, anantiglare layer, and antireflection layer is preferably provided.Incidentally, respective layers are not required to be provided asindividual different layers. For example, the antiglare layer may beprovided in the following manner. The antireflection layer or the hardcoat layer is allowed to have the function, resulting in theantireflection layer and the antiglare layer.

[Antireflection Layer]

In the invention, there is preferably used at least an antireflectionlayer configured such that a light scattering layer and a low refractiveindex layer are stacked in this order on the protective film, or anantireflection layer configured such that an intermediate refractiveindex layer, a high refractive index layer, and a low refractive indexlayer are stacked in this order on the protective film. Below, preferredexamples thereof will be shown.

{Antireflection Layer Including a Light Scattering Layer and a LowRefractive Index Layer Provided on the Protective Film}

Preferred examples of the antireflection layer including a lightscattering layer and a low refractive index layer provided on theprotective film will be described.

The light scattering layer preferably includes mat particles dispersedtherein. The refractive index of the material of the portion of thelight scattering layer other than the mat particles preferably fallswithin the range of 1.50 to 2.00. The refractive index of the lowrefractive index layer preferably falls within the range of 1.20 to1.49. In the invention, the light scattering layer has both theantiglare property and the hard coat property, and it may be configuredin a single layer, or a plurality of layers, e.g., 2 layers to 4 layers.

The antireflection film is preferably designed so that, in terms of thesurface uneven shape, the center line average roughness Ra is 0.08 to0.40 μm; the 10-point average roughness Rz, 10 times Ra, or less; theaverage peak to valley distance Sm, 1 to 100 μm; the standard deviationof the height of the concave portion from the deepest portion in theuneven surface, 0.5 μm or less; the standard deviation of the averagepeak to valley distance Sm with reference to the center line, 20 μm orless; and the side with a tilt angle of 0 to 5 degrees accounts for 10%or more. This is because sufficient antiglare property, and visualuniform mat feeling are achieved. Whereas, the tint of the reflectionlight under a C light source is such that: a* value, −2 to 2; b* value,−3 to 3, and the ratio between the minimum value and the maximum valueof the reflectance within the range of 380 nm to 780 nm, 0.5 to 0.99. Asa result, the tint of a reflection light becomes neutral, and preferred.Whereas, the b* value of the transmitted light under a C light source is0 to 3. As a result, the yellow tinge in white display when the plate isapplied to a display device is reduced, and preferred. Whereas, a gridof 120 μm×40 μm is inserted between on the surface illuminant and theantireflection film of the invention. Thus, the luminance distributionon the film is measured. When the standard deviation of the luminancedistribution at this step is 20 or less, the glare when the film of theinvention has been applied to a high definition panel is reduced, whichis preferable.

The antireflection layer usable in the invention is preferable for thefollowing reason. By setting the mirror reflectance at 2.5% or less, thetransmittance at 90% or more, and the 60-degree glossiness at 70% orless in terms of the optical characteristics, it is possible to suppressthe reflection of external light, resulting in the improvement ofvisibility. Particularly, the mirror reflectance is more preferably 1%or less, and most preferably 0.5% or less. The haze is set at 20% to50%; the internal haze/total haze value, at 0.3 to 1; the reduction ofthe haze value from the haze value to the light scattering layer to thehaze value after the formation of the low refractive index layer, within15%; the transmitted image visibility at a comb width of 0.5 mm, at 20%to 50%; and the transmittance ratio of vertically transmitted light/thedirection tilted at 2 degrees from the vertical, at 1.5 to 5.0. As aresult, the glare prevention, and the reduction of blur of characters orthe like on the high definition LCD panel are achieved, which ispreferable.

(Low Refractive Index Layer)

The refractive index of the low refractive index layer usable in theinvention falls within the range of preferably 1.20 to 1.49, and furtherpreferably 1.30 to 1.44. Further, the low refractive index layerpreferably satisfies the following mathematical expression (VIII) interms of the reduction of the reflectance.

(mλ/4)×0.7<n1d1<(mλ/4)×1.3  Mathematical expression (VIII)

where in the formula, m is a positive odd number, n1 is the refractiveindex of the low refractive index layer, and d1 is the film thickness(nm) of the low refractive index layer; and λ is the wavelength, andfalls within the range of 500 to 550 nm.

The materials for forming the low refractive index layer will bedescribed below.

The low refractive index layer preferably contains a fluorine-containingpolymer as a low refractive index binder.

The fluorine-containing polymer is preferably a fluorine-containingpolymer which is crosslinked by heat or ionizing radiation, and has akinetic friction coefficient of 0.03 to 0.20, a contact angle with waterof 90 to 120°, and a sliding angle of pure water of 70° or less. Whenthe polarizing plate of the invention is mounted on an image displaydevice, a lower peeling force from a commercially available adhesivetape makes a sticker or a memo sheet more likely to be peeled off afterbonding, and hence it is preferable. When the peeling force is measuredby means of a tensile tester, it is preferably 500 gf (4.90 N) or less,more preferably 300 gf (2.94 N) or less, and most preferably 100 gf(0.98 N) or less. Whereas, the higher the surface hardness measured bymeans of a micro hardness meter is, the less the surface is likely to bescratched. The surface hardness is preferably 0.3 GPa or more, and morepreferably 0.5 GPa or more.

As the fluorine-containing polymers for use in the low refractive indexlayer, mention may be made of hydrolysates and dehydrated condensates ofperfluoroalkyl group-containing silane compounds (e.g.,(heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl)triethoxysilane, and inaddition, fluorine-containing copolymers containing a structural unitfor imparting the crosslinking reactivity with a fluorine-containingmonomer unit as a constituent.

As specific examples of the fluorine-containing monomer units, forexample, mention may be made of fluoroolefins (e.g. fluoroethylene,vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, perfluorooctyl ethylene,hexafluoropropylene, and perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole), partiallyor fully fluorinated alkyl ester derivatives of (meth)acrylic acid(e.g., BISCOAT 6FM (manufactured by Osaka Organic Chemical Industry,Ltd.), and M-2020 (manufactured by Daikin Industries, Ltd.), and fullyor partially fluorinated vinyl ethers. However, perfluoroolefins arepreferred. Hexafluoropropylene is particularly preferred from theviewpoints of the refractive index, the solubility, the transparency,the availability, and the like.

As the structural units for imparting the crosslinking reactivity,mention may be made of the structural units obtained by polymerizationof monomers previously having a self-crosslinkable functional group inthe molecule, such as glycidyl (meth)acrylate and glycidyl vinyl ether,the structural units obtained by polymerization of monomers having acarboxyl group, a hydroxy group, an amino group, a sulfo group, or thelike (e.g., (meth)acrylic acid, methylol (meth)acrylate, hydroxyalkyl(meth)acrylate, allyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl vinyl ether, hydroxybutylvinyl ether, maleic acid, and crotonic acid), and the structural unitsobtained by introducing crosslinking reactable groups such as a(meth)acryloyl group into these structural units by the polymer reaction(which can be introduced, for example, by a technique of allowingacrylic acid chloride to act on a hydroxy group).

Other than the fluorine-containing monomer units, and the structuralunits for imparting the crosslinking reactivity, monomers containing nofluorine atom can be appropriately copolymerized from the viewpoints ofthe solubility in a solvent, the transparency of the film, and the like.The monomer units usable in combination have no particular restriction.Examples thereof may include: olefins (such as ethylene, propylene,isoprene, vinyl chloride, and vinylidene chloride), acrylic acid esters(such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate),methacrylic acid esters (such as methyl methacrylate, ethylmethacrylate, butyl methacrylate, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate),styrene derivatives (such as styrene, divinylbenzene, vinyl toluene, andα-methyl styrene), vinyl ethers (such as methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinylether, and cyclohexyl vinyl ether), vinyl esters (such as vinyl acetate,vinyl propionate, and vinyl cinnamate), acrylamides (such asN-tert-butylacrylamide and N-cyclohexylacrylamide), methacrylamides, andacrylonitrile derivatives.

With the polymers, a hardening agent may be appropriately used incombination as described in JP-A-10-25388 and JP-A-10-147739.

(Light Scattering Layer)

The light scattering layer is formed for the purpose of imparting, tothe film, the light diffusibility due to surface scattering and/orinternal scattering, and the hard coat property for improving thescratch resistance of the film. Therefore, the formed layer contains abinder for imparting the hard coat property, mat particles for impartingthe light diffusibility, and if required, in organic fillers forachieving higher refractive index, prevention of crosslinking andshrinkage, and higher strength. Further, by providing such a lightscattering layer, the light scattering layer also serves as an antiglarelayer, so that the polarizing plate has the antiglare layer.

The film thickness of the light scattering layer is preferably 1 to 10μm, and more preferably 1.2 to 6 μm for the purpose of imparting thehard coat property. When the thickness is too small, the hardness isinsufficient. Whereas, when the thickness is too large, curling andbrittleness are degraded, resulting in insufficient process suitability.

The binder for the light scattering layer is preferably a polymer havinga saturated hydrocarbon chain or a polyether chain as the main chain,and further preferably a polymer having a saturated hydrocarbon chain asthe main chain. Whereas, the binder polymer preferably has a crosslinkedstructure. The binder polymer having a saturated hydrocarbon chain asthe main chain is preferably a polymer of ethylenically unsaturatedmonomers. The binder polymer having a saturated hydrocarbon chain as themain chain, and having a crosslinked structure is preferably a(co)polymer of monomers each having two or more ethylenicallyunsaturated groups. In order for the binder polymer to have a highrefractive index, it is also possible to select the one containing anaromatic ring, and at least one atom selected from halogen atoms otherthan fluorine, a sulfur atom, a phosphorus atom, and a nitrogen atom inthe monomer structure.

As the monomers each having two or more ethylenically unsaturatedgroups, mention may be made of esters of polyhydric alcohols and(meth)acrylic acids (e.g., ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, butane dioldi(meth)acrylate, hexane diol di(meth)acrylate, 1,4-cyclohexanediacrylate, and pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate), pentaerythritoltri(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate,trimethylolethane tri(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritoltetra(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol penta(meth)acrylate,dipentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritolhexa(meth)acrylate, 1,2,3-cyclohexane tetramethacrylate, polyurethanepolyacrylate, and polyester polyacrylate), the ethylene oxide-modifiedproducts, vinylbenzene and derivatives thereof (e.g.,1,4-divinylbenzene, 4-vinylbenzoic acid-2-acryloylethyl ester,1,4-divinylcyclohexanone), vinylsulfone (e.g., divinylsulfone),acrylamide (e.g., methylenebisacrylamide), and methacrylamide. Themonomers may be used in combination of two or more thereof.

Specific examples of the high refractive index monomer may includebis(4-methacryloylthiophenyl) sulfide, vinylnaphthalene, vinylphenylsulfide, 4-methacryloxyphenyl-4′-methoxyphenylthioether. These monomersmay also be used in combination of two or more thereof.

Polymerization of the monomers having the ethylenically unsaturatedgroups can be carried out through irradiation with ionizing radiation orheating in the presence of a radical photoinitiator or a heat radicalinitiator.

Therefore, a coating solution containing a monomer containing anethylenically unsaturated group, a radical photoinitiator or a heatradical initiator, mat particles, and an inorganic filler is prepared.The coating solution is applied on the protective film, and then, curedby the polymerization reaction by ionizing radiation or heat. Thus, alight scattering layer can be formed. As the radical photoinitiator, andthe like, known ones can be used.

The polymer having a polyether as the main chain is preferably aring-opening polymer of a multifunctional epoxy compound. Thering-opening polymerization of a multifunctional epoxy compound can becarried out through irradiation with ionizing radiation or heating inthe presence of a light acid generator or a heat acid generator.

Therefore, a coating solution containing a multifunctional epoxycompound, a light acid generator or a heat acid generator, matparticles, and an inorganic filler is prepared. The coating solution isapplied on the protective film, and then, cured by the polymerizationreaction by ionizing radiation or heat. Thus, a light scattering layercan be formed.

In place of the monomer having two or more ethylenically unsaturatedgroups, or in addition to this, a crosslinkable functional group isintroduced into the polymer using a monomer having a crosslinkablefunctional group. By the reaction of the crosslinkable functional group,a crosslinked structure may be introduced into the binder polymer.

Examples of the crosslinkable functional group may include an isocyanategroup, an epoxy group, an aziridine group, an oxazoline group, analdehyde group, a carbonyl group, a hydrazine group, a carboxyl group, amethylol group, and an active methylene group. Vinyl sulfonic acid, acidanhydride, a cyano acrylate derivative, melamine, etherified methylol,ester, and urethane, and a metal alkoxide such as tetramethoxysilane canalso be utilized as monomers for introducing the crosslinked structure.A functional group showing crosslinkability as a result of thedissolution reaction, such as a blocked isocyanate group may also beused. Namely, in the invention, the crosslinkable functional group isnot required to be the one which immediately shows the reaction, but itmay be the one which shows the reactivity as a result of decomposition.

The binder polymers having the crosslinkable functional groups can forma crosslinked structure by heating after coating.

In the light scattering layer, mat particles larger than the fillerparticles, and having an average particle diameter of 1 to 10.0 μm, andpreferably 1.5 to 7.0 μm, such as inorganic compound particles or resinparticles may be contained for the purpose of imparting the antiglareproperty thereto.

Specific preferred examples of the mat particles may include, forexample, particles of inorganic compounds such as silica particles andTiO₂ particles; and resin particles such as acrylic particles,crosslinked acrylic particles, polystyrene particles, crosslinkedstyrene particles, melamine resin particles, and benzoguanamine resinparticles. Out of these, crosslinked styrene particles, crosslinkedacrylic particles, crosslinked acrylic styrene particles, and silicaparticles are preferred. The mat particles can be used in any ofspherical and amorphous forms.

Whereas, two or more types of mat particles having different particlediameters may be used in combination. This enables the following: matparticles with a larger particle diameter impart the antiglare property,while mat particles with a smaller particle diameter impart anotheroptical characteristic.

Further, for the particle diameter distribution of the mat particles,monodispersion is most preferred. The closer the particle diameters ofrespective particles are to the same diameter, the better they are. Forexample, when particles with a particle diameter larger than the averageparticle diameter by 20% or more are defined as coarse particles, theproportion of the coarse particles is preferably 1% or less, morepreferably 0.1% or less, and further preferably 0.01% or less, of thetotal number of particles. The mat particles having such a particlediameter distribution can be obtained by classification after thegeneral synthesis reaction. By increasing the frequency ofclassification, or enhancing the degree, it is possible to obtainparticles having a more preferable distribution.

The mat particles are contained in the light scattering layer so thatthe amount of the mat particles in the formed light scattering layer ispreferably 10 to 1000 mg/m², and more preferably 100 to 700 mg/m².

The particle diameter distribution of the mat particles is measured by aCoulter Counter method, and the measured distribution is converted intothe particle count distribution.

The light scattering layer preferably contains, in addition to the matparticles, an inorganic filler including an oxide of at least one metalselected from titanium, zirconium, aluminum, indium, zinc, tin, andantimony, and having an average particle diameter of 0.2 μm or less,preferably 0.1 μm or less, and more preferably 0.06 μm or less, in orderto increase the refractive index of the layer.

Whereas, conversely, for the light scattering layer using highrefractive index mat particles, in order to increase the difference inrefractive index from the mat particles, an oxide of silicon is alsopreferably used in order to keep the refractive index of the layerlower. The preferred particle diameter is equal to that of the inorganicfiller.

Specific examples of the inorganic filler for use in the lightscattering layer may include TiO₂, ZrO₂, Al₂O₃, In₂O₃, ZnO, SnO₂, Sb₂O₃,ITO, and SiO₂. TiO₂ and ZrO₂ are particularly preferred in terms ofachieving a higher refractive index. The surface of the inorganic filleris also preferably subjected to a silane coupling treatment or atitanium coupling treatment. On the filler surface, a surface treatmentagent having a functional group reactable with a binder species ispreferably used.

The amount of the inorganic fillers to be added is preferably 10 to 90%,more preferably 20 to 80%, and in particular preferably 30 to 75% basedon the total mass of the light scattering layer.

Incidentally, such a filler has a particle diameter sufficiently smallerthan the wavelength of light, and hence no scattering occurs. Thus, thedispersion of the filler dispersed in a binder polymer behaves as anoptically uniform substance.

The refractive index of the bulk of the mixture of the binder and theinorganic filler of the light scattering layer (i.e., the portion otherthan the mat particles of the light scattering layer) is preferably 1.50to 2.00, and more preferably 1.51 to 1.80. In order for the refractiveindex to fall within the foregoing range, it is essential only that thetypes and the contents of the binder and the inorganic filler areappropriately selected. How they are selected can be previously knownexperimentally with ease.

To the light scattering layer, a surfactant of any of fluorine type andsilicone type, or both of them are contained in a coating compositionfor forming the light scattering layer in order to ensure the uniformityof surface conditions of, particularly, uneven coating, uneven drying,point defects, and the like. Particularly, a fluorine type surfactant ina smaller amount exhibits effects of improving the defective surfaceconditions of uneven coating, uneven drying, point defects, and the likeof the antireflection film of the invention. Therefore, it can bepreferably used. It is an object to raise the productivity by impartingthe high speed coating suitability thereto while enhancing theuniformity of the surface conditions.

{Antireflection Layer Configured Such that an Intermediate RefractiveIndex Layer, a High Refractive Index Layer, and a Low Refractive IndexLayer are Provided on a Protective Film}

Then, a description will be given to an antireflection layer configuredsuch that an intermediate refractive index layer, a high refractiveindex layer, and a low refractive index layer are stacked in this orderon a protective film.

The antireflection layer including the layer structure in which at leastan intermediate refractive index layer, a high refractive index layer,and a low refractive index layer (outermost layer) are provided in thisorder on a protective film, is designed so as to have refractive indicessatisfying the following relationship:

Refractive index of high refractive index layer>Refractive index ofintermediate refractive index layer>Refractive index of protectivefilm>Refractive index of low refractive index layer

Whereas, a hard coat layer may be provided between the protective filmand the intermediate refractive index layer. Still further, the layermay have a structure of the intermediate refractive index hard coatlayer, the high refractive index layer, and the low refractive indexlayer.

Examples thereof may include the antireflection layers described inJP-A-8-122504, JP-A-8-110401, JP-A-10-300902, JP-A-2002-243906, andJP-A-2000-111706.

Whereas, each layer may be imparted with another function. Examplesthereof may include the one including a stain proof low refractive indexlayer, or an antistatic high refractive index layer (e.g.,JP-A-10-206603 and JP-A-2002-243906).

The haze of the antireflection layer is preferably 5% or less, andfurther preferably 3% or less. Whereas, the strength of the film ispreferably H or more, further preferably 2H or more, and most preferably3H or more in the pencil hardness test according to JIS K5400.

(High Refractive Index Layer and Intermediate Refractive Index Layer)

The layer having a high refractive index of the antireflection layerincludes a curable film containing at least high refractive indexinorganic compound fine particles having an average particle diameter of100 nm or less, and a matrix binder.

As the high refractive index inorganic compound fine particles, mentionmay be made of inorganic compounds with a refractive index of 1.65 ormore, and preferably, mention may be made of the ones with a refractiveindex of 1.9 or more. Examples thereof may include oxides of Ti, Zn, Sb,Sn, Zr, Ce, Ta, La, In, and the like, and composite oxides containingthese metal atoms.

As the processes for achieving such fine particles, mention may be madeof a process in which the particle surface is treated with a surfacetreatment agent (e.g., a silane coupling agent: JP-A-11-295503,JP-A-11-53703, and JP-A-2000-9908, and anionic compounds or organicmetal coupling agents: JP-A-2001-310432), a process in which a coreshell structure using high refractive index particles as the core isachieved (JP-A-2001-166104 or the like), use of a specific dispersant(e.g., JP-A-11-153703, U.S. Pat. No. B1 6210858, and JP-A-2002-2776069),and other processes.

As the materials for forming the matrix, mention may be made ofconventionally known thermoplastic resins, curable resin films, and thelike.

Further, preferred is at least one composition selected fromcompositions containing a multifunctional compound having at least twoor more radical polymerizable and/or cationic polymerizable group,hydrolyzable group-containing organic metal compounds, and partialcondensate compounds. Examples thereof may include the compoundsdescribed in JP-A-2000-47004, JP-A-2001-315242, JP-A-2001-31871, andJP-A-2001-296401.

Whereas, a curable film obtainable from a colloidal metal oxide obtainedfrom a hydrolyzed condensate of a metal alkoxide and a metal alkoxidecomposition is also preferable. It is described in, for example,JP-A-2001-293818.

The refractive index of the high refractive index layer is preferably1.70 to 2.20. The thickness of the high refractive index layer ispreferably 5 nm to 10 μm, and further preferably 10 nm to 1 μm.

The refractive index of the intermediate refractive index layer isadjusted so as to be the value between the refractive index of the lowrefractive index layer and the refractive index of the high refractiveindex layer. The refractive index of the intermediate refractive indexlayer is preferably 1.50 to 1.70. Whereas, the thickness thereof ispreferably 5 nm to 10 μm, and further preferably 10 nm to 1 μm.

(Low Refractive Index Layer)

The low refractive index layer is configured to be sequentially stackedon the high refractive index layer. The refractive index of the lowrefractive index layer is preferably 1.20 to 1.55, and more preferably1.30 to 1.50.

It is preferably formed as the outermost layer having a scratchresistance and a stain proof property. As a means for largely improvingthe scratch resistance, it is effective to impart the slipping propertyto the surface. A means of the thin film layer including conventionallyknown silicone introduction, or fluorine introduction, or the like isapplicable.

Further, the fluorine-containing compound is preferably a compoundcontaining a crosslinkable or polymerizable functional group containinga fluorine atom in an amount of in the range of 35 to 80 mass %.

Examples thereof may include the compounds described in paragraph Nos.[0018] to [0026] of JP-A-9-222503, paragraph Nos. [0019] to [0030] ofJP-A-11-38202, paragraph Nos. [0027] and of JP-A-2001-40284, andJP-A-2000-284102.

The refractive index of the fluorine-containing compound is preferably1.35 to 1.50, and more preferably 1.36 to 1.47.

The silicone compound is a compound having a polysiloxane structure, andpreferably the one containing a curable functional group or apolymerizable functional group in the polymer chain, and having acrosslinked structure in the film. Examples thereof may include reactivesilicone (e.g., Silaplane (manufactured by Chisso Corporation)), andpolysiloxane having silanol groups at opposite ends (JP-A-11-258403, andthe like).

The crosslinking or polymerization reaction of a fluorine-containingand/or siloxane polymer having a crosslinkable or polymerizable group ispreferably effected by light irradiation or heating simultaneously withcoating or after coating of a coating composition for forming theoutermost layer containing a polymerization initiator, a sensitizer, andthe like, thereby to form a low refractive index layer.

Alternatively, an organic metal compound such as a silane coupling agentand a silane coupling agent containing a specific fluorine-containinghydrocarbon group are cured by the condensation reaction in the presenceof a catalyst to form a sol-gel cured film. The sot-gel cured film isalso preferable.

Examples thereof may include polyfluoroalkyl group-containing silanecompounds or partially hydrolyzed condensates (the compounds describedin JP-A-58-142958, JP-A-58-147483, JP-A-58-147484, JP-A-9-157582,JP-A-11-106704, and the like), and silyl compounds containingpoly“perfluoroalkyl ether” group which is a fluorine-containing longchain group (the compounds described in JP-A-2000-117902,JP-A-2001-48590, and JP-A-2002-53804, and the like).

The low refractive index layer can contain, as additives other than theones described above, a filler (e.g., a low refractive index inorganiccompound with a primary particle average diameter of 1 to 150 nm ofsilicon dioxide (silica), fluorine-containing particles (magnesiumfluoride, potassium fluoride, and barium fluoride), or the like, or theorganic fine particles described in paragraph Nos. to [0038] ofJP-A-11-3820), a silane coupling agent, a slipping agent, a surfactant,or the like.

When the low refractive index layer is situated at the lower layer ofthe outermost layer, the low refractive index layer may be formed by avapor phase method (a vacuum evaporation method, a sputtering method, anion plating method, a plasma CVD method, or the like). The coatingmethod is preferred from the viewpoint of manufacturability at low cost.

The film thickness of the low refractive index layer is preferably 30 to200 nm, further preferably 50 to 150 nm, and most preferably 60 to 120nm.

(Hard Coat Layer)

The hard coat layer is preferably provided on the surface of theprotective film in order to impart the physical strength to theprotective film provided with the antireflection layer. Particularly, itis preferably provided between the protective film and the highrefractive index layer. The hard coat layer is preferably formed by thecrosslinking reaction of the light and/or heat curable compound, or thepolymerization reaction thereof. The curable functional group in thecurable compound is preferably a photopolymerizable functional group.Whereas, hydrolyzable functional group-containing organic metalcompounds or organic alkoxysilyl compounds are also preferred.

Specific examples of the compounds may include the same ones exemplifiedfor the high refractive index layer. Specific examples of theconstituent composition of the hard coat layer may include the onesdescribed in JP-A-2002-144913, JP-A-2000-9908, and WO 00/46617.

The hard coat layer can also serve as a high refractive index layer. Insuch a case, the layer is preferably formed in the following manner.Namely, using the technique described in connection with the highrefractive index layer, fine particles are finely dispersed to becontained in the hard coat layer.

The hard coat layer can also serve as an antiglare layer imparted withan antiglare function by allowing particles with an average particlediameter of 0.2 to 10 μm to be contained therein.

The film thickness of the hard coat layer may be appropriately designedaccording to the intended purpose. The film thickness of the hard coatlayer is preferably 0.2 to 10 μm, and more preferably 0.5 to 7 μm.

The strength of the hard coat layer is preferably H or more, furtherpreferably 2H or more, and most preferably 3H or more in the pencilhardness test according to JIS K5400. Further, in a Taber test accordingto JIS K5400, a smaller amount of the test piece to be worn betweenbefore and after the test is more preferred.

(Other Layers of Antireflection Film)

Further, a front scattering layer, a primer layer, an antistatic layer,an undercoat layer, a protective layer, or the like may be provided.

(Antistatic Layer)

When an antistatic layer is provided, an electric conductivity of avolume resistivity of 10⁻⁸ (Ωcm⁻³) or less is preferably impartedthereto. The volume resistivity of 10⁻⁸ (Ωcm⁻³) can be imparted by theuse of a hygroscopic substance, a water soluble inorganic salt, acertain kind of surfactant, a cation polymer, an anion polymer,colloidal silica, or the like. However, unfavorably, the temperature andhumidity dependency is large, and a sufficient electric conductivitycannot be ensured at low humidities. For this reason, the antistaticlayer material is preferably a metal oxide. Some metal oxides arecolored. However, when these metal oxides are used as the antistaticlayer materials, the entire film is colored, which is not preferable. Asa metal forming a metal oxide which does not undergo coloration, mentionmay be made of Zn, Ti, Al, In, Si, Mg, Ba, Mo, W, or V. A metal oxidecontaining at least one selected from these metals as a main componentis preferably used. Specific preferable examples thereof may includeZnO, TiO₂, SnO₂, Al₂O₃, In₂O₃, SiO₂, MgO, BaO, MoO₃, and V₂O₅, orcomposite oxides thereof. Particularly, ZnO, TiO₂, and SnO₂ arepreferred. Whereas, heteroatoms may be contained therein. For example,addition of Al, In, or the like to ZnO, addition of Sb, Nb, a halogenelement, or the like to SnO₂, and addition of Nb, Ta, or the like toTiO₂ are effective. Still further, as described in JP-B-59-6235, theremay also be used a material including the metal oxide deposited on othercrystalline metal particles or a fibrous substance (e.g., titaniumoxide). Incidentally, the volume resistivity value and the surfaceresistivity value are different physical property values, and cannot becompared with each other simply. However, in order to ensure an electricconductivity of 10⁻⁸ (Ωcm⁻³) or less in volume resistivity value, it isessential only that the antistatic layer has a surface resistance valueof 10⁻¹⁰ (Ω/□) or less, and further preferably 10⁻⁸ (Ω/58 ). The surfaceresistance value of the antistatic layer is required to be measured asthe value when the antistatic layer is the outermost layer. It can bemeasured at the stage partway in the process of forming the laminatedfilm.

<Liquid Crystal Display Device>

The liquid crystal display devices of the invention include: a liquidcrystal display device using any of the cellulose acylate film of theinvention, or the polarizing plate of the invention (first embodiment);an OCB or VA mode liquid crystal display device having a pair ofpolarizing plates on and under the liquid crystal cell, wherein at leastone of the polarizing plates is the polarizing plate of the invention(second embodiment); and a VA mode liquid crystal display device havinga pair of polarizing plates on and under the liquid crystal cell,wherein the polarizing plate of the invention is used on the backlightside (third embodiment).

Namely, when the cellulose acylate film of the invention is used for aliquid crystal display device, it can be advantageously used as anoptical compensation sheet. Whereas, the polarizing plate using thecellulose acylate film of the invention is advantageously used for aliquid crystal display device.

The cellulose acylate film of the invention can be used for liquid cellsof various display modes. Various display modes such as TN (TwistedNematic), IPS (In-Plane Switching), FLC (Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal),AFLC (Anti-ferroelectric Liquid Crystal), OCB (Optically CompensatoryBend), STN (Super Twisted Nematic), VA (Vertically Aligned), and HAN(Hybrid Aligned Nematic) modes have been proposed. The cellulose acylatefilm of the invention, and the polarizing plate using the same can beused for any of these. However, out of these, the VA mode or the OCBmode can be preferably used.

In the VA mode liquid cell, rod-like liquid crystalline molecules aresubstantially vertically oriented when applied with no voltage. The VAmode liquid crystal cells include: (1) a VA mode liquid crystal cell ina narrow sense (described in JP-A-2-176625) in which rod-like liquidcrystalline molecules are substantially vertically oriented when appliedwith no voltage, and substantially horizontally oriented when appliedwith a voltage; in addition to this, (2) (MVA mode) liquid crystal cellin which the VA mode has been rendered in a multidomain alignment forexpanding the viewing angle {described in SID97, Digest of tech. Papers(Digest of Papers), 28, (1997), 845}; (3) Liquid crystal cell of themode (n-ASM mode) in which rod-like liquid crystalline molecules aresubstantially vertically oriented when applied with no voltage, andoriented in a twisted multidomain alignment when applied with a voltage(described in Digest of Papers of the Japanese Liquid Crystal Forum, 58to 59 (1998)); and (4) SURVAIVAL mode liquid crystal cell (published in“LCD International 98”).

As the VA mode liquid crystal display device, mention may be made of theone which has a liquid crystal cell (VA mode cell), and two polarizingplates disposed on the opposite sides thereof. The liquid crystal cellcarries a liquid crystal between two electrode substrates.

In accordance with one embodiment of the transmission type liquidcrystal display device of the invention, the cellulose acylate film ofthe invention is used as the optical compensation sheet. One sheet isdisposed between the liquid crystal cell and one polarizing plate, ortwo sheets are disposed between the liquid crystal cell and both thepolarizing plates, respectively.

In accordance with another embodiment of the transmission type liquidcrystal display device of the invention, the cellulose acylate film ofthe invention is used as the protective film of the polarizing plate tobe disposed between the liquid crystal cell and the polarizing film. Thecellulose acylate film may be used only for the protective film betweenthe liquid crystal cell and the polarizing film in one polarizing plate.Alternatively, the cellulose acylate films may be used for the twoprotective films between the liquid crystal cell and the respectivepolarizing films in both the polarizing plates. Bonding to the liquidcrystal cell is preferably carried out so that the cellulose acylatefilm of the invention is on the VA cell side. When the cellulose acylatefilm is used only for the protective film between the liquid crystalcell and the polarizing film in one polarizing plate, this may be eitherside of the upper polarizing plate (observer side) or the lowerpolarizing plate (light source side: backlight side). In either case,there is no problem at all in terms of the function. However, when theplate is used as the upper polarizing plate, the functional film isrequired to be disposed on the observer side (the upper side). This mayreduce the production yield. Therefore, the plate is considered to beoften used as the lower polarizing plate. Such a case is considered tobe a more preferred embodiment.

When the one other than the cellulose acylate film of the invention isused as the protective film, it may be a common cellulose acylate film,and is preferably thinner than the cellulose acylate film of theinvention. For example, it is preferably 40 to 80 μm in thickness.Mention may be made of commercially available KC4UX2M (40 μm,manufactured by Konica Opto Corporation), KC5UX (60 μm, manufactured byKonica Opto Corporation), TD80 (80 μm, manufactured by Fuji Photo FilmCo., Ltd.), and the like. However, the invention is not limited thereto.

EXAMPLES

Below, the invention will be further described by way of examples.However, the invention is not limited to the following examples.

Example 1 Cellulose Acylate

To a raw material cellulose, sulfuric acid was added as a catalyst, andcarboxylic anhydride serving as the raw material for an acyl substituentwas added to effect an acylation reaction. Then, neutralization, andsaponification and aging were carried out, thereby to prepare celluloseacylate.

At this step, by adjusting the amount of the catalyst, the kind and theamount of the carboxylic anhydride, the amount of a neutralizing agentto be added, the amount of water to be added, the reaction temperature,and the aging temperature, cellulose acyaltes different in the kind ofacyl group, the substitution degree, the bulk specific gravity, and thepolymerization degree were prepared. Further, after the acylation, agingwas carried out at 40° C. Further, the low molecular weight componentsof the cellulose acylates were washed with acetone, and removed.

(Preparation of Dope and Formation of Cellulose Acylate Film)

Out of the cellulose acylates prepared in the foregoing manner,cellulose acylate having a substitution degree of an acetyl group of2.00 (A in the expression (I)), a substitution degree of a propionylgroup of 0.60 (B in the expression (II)), and a viscosity averagepolymerization degree of 350 was used. Thus, 100 parts by mass ofcellulose acylate, 5 parts by mass of ethyl phthalyl ethyl glycolate, 3parts by mass of triphenyl phosphate, 290 parts by mass of methylenechloride, and 60 parts by mass of ethanol were charged in a closedcontainer. The mixture was gradually increased in temperature with slowstirring, and increased in temperature to 80° C. over 60 minutes fordissolution. The pressure in the container became 1.5 atmospheres. Thedope was filtrated by the use of Azumi Filter Paper No. 244 manufacturedby Azumi Filter Paper Co., Ltd. Then, the dope was allowed to standstill for 24 hours, so that foams in the dope was removed.

Whereas, separately from this, 5 parts by mass of the cellulose acylate,5 parts by mass of TINUVIN 109 (manufactured by Ciba Specialty ChemicalsCo., Ltd.), 15 parts by mass of TINUVIN 326 (manufactured by CibaSpecialty Chemicals Co., Ltd.), 0.5 part by mass of AEROSIL R972V(manufactured by NIPPON AEROSIL Co., Ltd.), 94 parts by mass ofmethylene chloride, and 8 parts by mass of ethanol were mixed anddissolved with stirring, thereby to prepare an ultraviolet absorbersolution. R972V was previously dispersed in the ethanol, and added.

The ultraviolet absorber solution was added in a proportion of 6 partsby mass per 100 parts by mass of the dope. The mixture was sufficientlymixed by means of a static mixer.

The dope was cast by means of a glass plate casting apparatus. Dryingwas carried out by hot air with a charge air temperature of 70° C. for 6minutes. The film taken from the glass plate was fixed on a frame, anddried by hot air with a charge air temperature of 100° C. for 10minutes, and by hot air with a charge air temperature of 140° C. for 20minutes. As a result, a cellulose acylate film as a precursor of thefinal product with a film thickness of 100 μm was measured. The glasstransition temperature of the cellulose acylate film was 140° C., andthe crystallization temperature thereof was 180° C.

The four sides of this film were held by means of a biaxial stretchingtest apparatus (manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisaku-sho Co., Ltd.). Thus,a simultaneous biaxial stretching step was carried out under theconditions of Table 1. As the common conditions, before stretching,preheating was carried out for 3 minutes at a prescribed charge airtemperature in each Example. After stretching, blowing and cooling werecarried out for 5 minutes while holding the film by clips. As a result,a cellulose acylate film which was a final product was obtained. Thefilm thickness, the elastic modulus, and the like of the resultingcellulose acylate film are shown in Table 1. Incidentally, MD in thetable indicates the casting direction during glass plate casting, and TDindicates the width direction orthogonal thereto.

Examples 2 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 8

Below, the samples of Examples 2 to 7, and Comparative Examples 1 to 8were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that thestretching temperature and the stretching ratio were changed to thevalues of Table 1.

The Re, the Rth, the elastic modulus, the haze, and the viewing anglecharacteristics of each cellulose acylate film obtained in Examples 1 to7, and Comparative Examples 1 to 8 were examined. The results are shownin Table 1.

TABLE 1 TD MD Stretching TD MD Stretch- Stretch- tempera- Stretch-Stretch- ing ing Film Elastic ture ing ing velocity velocity thicknessRe Rth Haze modulus In-plane Viewing (° C.) ratio (%) ratio (%/min)(%/min) (μm) (μm) (μm) (%) (GPa) Wrinkles contrast angle E 1 165 1.5 1.320 20 41 46 127 1.0 5.0 A A A 2 170 1.5 1.3 20 20 42 45 128 0.9 6.0 A AA 3 130 1.5 1.3 10 10 40 47 129 1.5 4.2 A B A 4 200 1.5 1.3 20 20 41 43125 1.3 5.0 A B A 5 170 1.5 1.3 9 9 42 47 128 0.5 6.0 A AA A 6 170 2.11.9 8 8 25 42 121 0.9 8.8 AB A A 7 170 1.35 1.15 10 10 64 43 126 0.6 3.9AB AA A C 1 160 1.25 1.05 20 20 76 45 130 1.2 2.0 C B A 2 170 1.5 1.0 6— 67 46 127 1.1 3.1 C B A 3 170 1.1 1.1 5 5 83 0 80 0.6 5.0 A AA C 4 1702.5 2.3 20 20 17 49 133 1.5 9.5 C 5 170 2.3 2.1 20 20 22 50 139 1.4 12.0A* — — 6 170 4.5 1.3 20 20 17 150 170 1.6 10.0 C C C 7 170 1.5 4.5 20 2015 130 160 1.5 9.0 C C C 8 170 4.0 4.0 20 20 42 Rupture *For ComparativeExample 5, cracking occurs upon punching after bonding with polarizingplate. Note: E; Example, C; Comparative Example

[Measuring Methods]

The measuring methods and the definitions of the Re and the Rth are asdescribed above.

The haze was measured by means of a haze meter MODEL 1001DP(manufactured by NIPPON DENSHOKU Co., Ltd.).

For the elastic modulus, a sample cut in the TD direction was moisturecontrolled under an environment of 25° C. 60% RH for 24 hours to measurethe elastic modulus according to the method described in JIS K7127. Thetensile tester used was Tensilon manufactured by A & D Co., Ltd.

Viewing Angle:

By the use of the cellulose acylate films of Examples 1 to 7 toComparative Examples 1 to 8, polarizing plates and liquid crystaldisplay devicees were manufactured and evaluated in the followingmanner.

(Saponification Treatment of Cellulose Acylate Film)

First, each cellulose acylate film of Examples 1 to 7 to ComparativeExamples 1 to 8 was immersed in a 1.3 mol/L sodium hydroxide aqueoussolution at 55° C. for 2 minutes. Then, the film was washed in a waterwashing bath at room temperature, and neutralized with 0.05 mol/Lsulfuric acid at 30° C. Then, it was washed in the water washing bath atroom temperature again, and further dried with 100° C. hot air. In thismanner, the surface of the cellulose acylate film was saponified, and itwas made available for the following polarizing plate samplemanufacturing.

Whereas, a commercially available cellulose triacetate film (FUJITACTD80UF, manufactured by Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.) was saponified underthe same conditions. It was made available for the following polarizingplate sample manufacturing.

(Manufacturing of Polarizing Plate)

A stretched polyvinyl alcohol film was allowed to adsorb iodine, therebyto manufacture a polarizing film. The cellulose acylate film subjectedto the saponification treatment was bonded onto one side of thepolarizing film by the use of a polyvinyl alcohol type adhesive. Thealignment was set so that the transmission axis of the polarizing filmand the slow axis of the cellulose acylate film were parallel to eachother.

Further, the commercially available cellulose acylate film subjected tothe saponification treatment as described above was bonded to theopposite side of the polarizing film by the use of a polyvinyl alcoholtype adhesive. In this manner, a polarizing plate was manufactured.

At this time, whether wrinkles had occurred or not upon bonding of eachcellulose acylate film of Examples and Comparative Examples wasevaluated.

A No wrinkle occurred;

AB Wrinkles occurred in a part of the film upon bonding, but werecanceled in the post step;

B Wrinkles occurred in a part of the film upon bonding, and finallyremained; and

C Wrinkles occurred in an area of ⅓ or more of the bonded film, andfinally remained.

(Manufacturing of Liquid Crystal Cell)

The liquid crystal cell was manufactured in the following manner. Thecell gap between substrates was set at 3.6 μm, and the liquid crystalmaterial having a negative dielectric anisotropy (MLC6608, manufacturedby MERCK Ltd.) was introduced dropwise between the substrates, andsealed, thereby to form a liquid crystal layer between the substrates.The retardation of the liquid crystal layer (i.e., the product Δn·d ofthe thickness d (μm) of the liquid crystal layer and the refractiveindex anisotropy Δn thereof) was set at 300 nm. Incidentally, the liquidcrystal material was oriented so as to assume vertical orientation.

(Manufacturing of Liquid Crystal Display Device)

The liquid crystal display device as shown in FIG. 1 was manufactured.

Namely, the liquid crystal display device shown in FIG. 1 is the onemanufactured in the following manner. The vertical orientation typeliquid crystal cell 31 was used. As the upper side (observer side)polarizing plate 30, a commercially available super high contrastproduct (HLC2-5618, manufactured by SANRITZ CORPORATION) havingprotective films 33 and 35 on the opposite sides of a polarizing film34, respectively was used. Whereas, as the lower side (backlight side)polarizing plate 32, a polarizing plate 32 formed in the foregoingmanner was bonded via a self-adhesive so that each cellulose acylatefilm 36 of Examples 1 to 7 to Comparative Examples 1 to 8 was on theliquid crystal cell 31 side. Incidentally, a reference numeral 37represents a polarizing film, and a reference numeral 38 represents acommercially available cellulose triacetate film. The crossed nicolsarrangement was achieved so that the transmission axis of the polarizingplate on the observer side extends along the vertical direction, and sothat the transmission axis of the polarizing plate on the backlight sideextends along the lateral direction.

Whereas, by the use of a measuring device (EZ-Contrast 160D,manufactured by ELDIM Co.), the viewing angle (the polar angle rangegiving a contrast ratio of 10 or more and causing no gradation inversionon the black side) at each of 8 grades of from black display (L1) towhite display (L8) was measured, and rated as follows.

AA Viewing angle the polar angle is 80° or more in the top, bottom,left, and right directions.

A Viewing angle the polar angle is 80° or more in 3 directions in thetop, bottom, left, and right directions.

B Viewing angle the polar angle is 80° or more in 2 directions in thetop, bottom, left, and right directions.

C Viewing angle the polar angle is 80° or more in 0 to 1 direction inthe top, bottom, left, and right directions.

Whereas, as the in-plane contrast, the contrast in the in-planedirection in the same measurement (luminance of L8/Luminance of L1) wasrated.

AA 500 or more A 500 to 300 B 300 to 100 C Less than 100

As shown in Table 1, each cellulose acylate film of Examples 1 to 7 inaccordance with the invention characterized in that the film thicknessis 20 to 70 μm, and that the elastic modulus in at least one directionof the film casting direction or width direction is 3.5 to 10 Paundergoes no occurrence of wrinkles upon bonding of a polarizing plate.For Comparative Example 3, although no wrinkles occur, the sample is athick cellulose acylate film. Therefore, also when a polarizing plate isformed, the polarizing plate becomes thick. The comparison betweenComparative Example 3 and Examples 1 to 7 indicates as follows. Bycontrolling the Re within the range of 20 to 80 nm, and the Rth withinthe range of 100 to 250 nm, it is possible to provide a good viewingangle as a liquid crystal apparatus. Further, the comparison betweenExamples 3 and 4 and Examples 1, 2, and 5 to 7 also indicates asfollows. When the haze is controlled to 1% or less, it is possible toobtain a higher in-plane contrast as a liquid crystal display device.

Table 1 can further indicate as follows. As a method for manufacturingthe foregoing thin and high elastic modulus cellulose acylate film whilesuppressing the haze, it is effective to set the stretching ratios inthe biaxial directions orthogonal to each other in the ranges of 1.2 to4.0 and 1.05 to 3.8, respectively, and to set the temperature of thestretching treatment to be equal to or more than the glass transitiontemperature +25° C., and to be equal to or less than the crystallizationtemperature of the film. The following can also be confirmed. Setting ofat least one stretching velocity in biaxial directions orthogonal toeach other at 10%/min or less is effective for suppressing the haze.

Examples 8 to 10 and Comparative Example 9

Then, cellulose acylate films were manufactured in the same manner as inExample 1, except that the substitution degree of an acetyl group(abbreviation Ac), the substitution degree of a propionyl group(abbreviation Pr), and the substitution degree of a butyryl group(abbreviation Bt) were changed to the values of Table 2. The glasstransition temperature of the cellulose acylate film was 140° C., andthe crystallization temperature thereof was 180° C. The measuringmethods were also the same as those in Example 1.

Comparative Example 10

A cellulose acylate film was manufactured in the same manner as inComparative Example 9, except that the stretching ratios in the TDdirection and in the MD direction were changed to 1.25 and 1.05,respectively. The measuring methods were also the same as those inComparative Example 9.

TABLE 2 Ac Sub- Pr Bt Bz Film Elastic stitution SubstitutionSubstitution Substitution thickness Re Rth Haze modulus In-plane Viewingdegree degree degree degree (μm) (μm) (μm) (%) (GPa) Wrinkles contrastangle Ex. 8 2.03 0.67 0 0 42 43 125 1.1 5.0 A B A Ex. 9 1.99 0 0.71 0 4149 130 1.2 6.0 A B A Ex. 10 1.98 0 0 0.72 40 47 126 1.1 5.5 A B A Comp.2.71 0 0 0 Rupture — — — — — — — — Ex. 9 Comp. 2.71 0 0 0 76 29 141 1.43.5 A B B Ex. 10

As shown in Table 2, it is indicated as follows. For the celluloseacylate film of the invention with a substitution degree B by apropionyl group, a butyryl group, or a benzoyl group of more than 0 inaccordance with the invention, it is possible to ensure a desirable Reor Rth value, and implement a high elastic modulus even with a smallfilm thickness as compared with the cellulose acylate films ofComparative Examples with a substitution degree B of equal to 0. It canalso be indicated that this results in no occurrence of wrinkles uponbonding of the polarizing plate, and provides a good viewing angle as aliquid crystal display device.

The present invention provides a cellulose acylate film which isexcellent in developability of the in-plane and thickness-directionretardation, is thin, and is easy to handle for manufacturing andprocessing. Further, the invention provides a liquid crystal displaydevice showing less changes in viewing angle characteristics and apolarizing plate for use in the liquid crystal display device, using thecellulose acylate film.

The entire disclosure of each and every foreign patent application fromwhich the benefit of foreign priority has been claimed in the presentapplication is incorporated herein by reference, as if fully set forth.

1. A liquid crystal display device, comprising: a polarizing plate whichincludes a pair of protective films and a polarizing film between thepair of protective films, wherein at least one of the pair of protectivefilms is a cellulose acylate film having a film thickness of from 20 to70 μm and an elastic modulus of from 3.5 to 10 GPa in at least onedirection of a film casting direction and a width direction, and theliquid crystal display device satisfies a viewing angle in which polarangles are 80° or more in 3 directions out of top, bottom, left, andright directions and an in-plane contrast of 300 or more.
 2. The liquidcrystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the celluloseacylate film has an in-plane retardation Re within a range of from 20 to80 nm and a retardation in a thickness-direction Rth within a range offrom 100 to 250 nm.
 3. The liquid crystal display device according toclaim 1, wherein the cellulose acylate film has a haze of 1% or less. 4.The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein thecellulose acylate film substantially comprises a cellulose acylatesatisfying expressions (I) and (II):2.6≦A+B≦3.0; and  Expression (I):0<B  Expression (II): wherein A represents a substitution degree of ahydroxyl group in a glucose unit of the cellulose acylate by an acetylgroup; and B represents a substitution degree of a hydroxyl group in aglucose unit of the cellulose acylate by a propionyl group, a butyrylgroup or a benzoyl group.
 5. The liquid crystal display device accordingto claim 1, which is an OCB or VA mode liquid crystal display device. 6.The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, which is a VAmode liquid crystal display device, the liquid crystal display devicecomprising: a pair of polarizing plates; and a liquid crystal cellbetween the pair of polarizing plates, wherein a polarizing plate on abacklight side out of the pair of polarizing plates includes thecellulose acylate film.